1. Dr. Haakon-Elizabeth Lindstad and Professor Gunnar. S. Eskeland
Assessment of Engine technologies and Fuels for environmentally friendly sea transport with focus on cost, emissions and environmental impact
Dr. Haakon-Elizabeth Lindstad and Professor Gunnar. S. Eskeland

2. Shipping represents a significant share of the global anthropogenic emissions
Measured in million ton
CO (2007) – 950 (2012)
NOx (2007) – 19 (2012)
SO (2007) – 11 (2012)
Measured as % of global total
NOx % (2007) – 15% (2012)
SO % (2007) – 13% (2012)
CO % (2007) – 2.7%(2012)
Sources - IMO 2009 GHG study: and IMO 2014 GHG study 2

3. Maritime transport is energy efficient, but not always and there is hence a need for improvements3

5. New-built vessels with kW engine in Sulphur and Nitrogen ECA  Main conclusion: HFO and Scrubber setups are the most cost efficient solution for vessels in ECA's and globally if max Sulphur content is reduced to 0.5% after 2020/2025

6. Traditionally, comparisons of the climate impact of transport solutions have been based on fuel consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2), while other trace emissions in the exhaust gas have been ignored.
It is becoming increasingly well-known however, that aerosols, and their precursors emitted from shipping are strong climate forcers, with a magnitude that is intimately connected to the specific region of emission.
Taking into account these considerations, we apply region-specific Global Warming Potential (GWP) characterization factors to estimate the relative magnitude of the short-lived climate forcers in the Arctic compared to traditional shipping regions and to the impact of CO2 emissions in light of reduced overall fuel consumption

7. The Impact of Low Power operations – Slow steaming or Dynamic Positioning is much larger in the Arctic

8. Hybridization is one option to partly solve the environmental problem with low power operations
Source: Lindstad, H., Sandaas, S Emission and Fuel Reduction for Offshore Support Vessels
through Hybrid Technology. SNAME Convention, Conference proceedings, Houston, Oct

9. CO2 eq. emissions North Sea (Ekofisk) versus Arctic (Svalbard)
North Sea Arctic
Source: Lindstad, H., Sandaas, S Emission and Fuel Reduction for Offshore Support Vessels
through Hybrid Technology. SNAME Convention, Conference proceedings, Houston, Oct

10. Power systems with focus on cost and emissions for the whole power range

11. Gram fuel per kWh as a function of power setup & engine size for the full operational cycle

12. -An important idea is to shift the policy emphasis in ship design from idealized towards realistic vessel operating conditions.
- The traditional approach to reducing shipping emissions, based on technical standards, tends to neglect how damages and abatement opportunities vary according to location and operative conditions.
- Since environmental policy originates in damages relating to ecosystems, and jurisdictions, a three-layered approach is ‘natural’; in port, in coastal areas possibly defining an Emission Constraint Area (ECA as in North America or Nordic/Baltic), and open seas, globally. 

13. CO2 eq. based on a 20 year time frame (GWP20) per 1000 kWh as a function of power, fuel, and operational area

14. CO2 eq. based on a 100 year time frame (GWP100) per 1000 kWh as a function of power, fuel, and operational area

15. Average Global warming impact over 20 and 100-year horizon in kg CO2-equivalents per 1000 kWh produced (25 % of distance in ECA)

16. It might be that it will be more benefical with the following legislation.
Batteries, clean fuels or cold ironing in ports
Clean fuels close to land or when extra power is required for loading and discharging
Continued use of heavy fuel oil ( HFO 2.7% ) at deep sea
Solutions where NOx is rather maximized than minimized at sea and only minimized close to land and in ports
Strict regulation of Black carbon in Artic areas and close to glaciers

17. The Evolution of Ship Design and Operations – to meet environmental and climate change targets
Low cost of fuel (1990s)
Ships designed to operate at boundary speeds (maximum economic speeds).
Maximizing cargo carrying capacity and minimizing building cost
Higher cost of fuel (2005 onwards)
Increased environmental focus and IMO GHG regulations (2009).
Focus on energy efficiency and marginal improvement of traditional designs
Reduced Operational Speeds – Slow Steaming
The Greening of Shipping (2015 – 2020 and onwards).
EEDI and global emission reductions targets
Need for outside-the-box thinking and drastic improvements
Alternative hull design: longer and more slender ships
Hybrid power systems: combustion, fuel cells and batteries
Advanced weather routing systems

18. The Zero Maritime Initiative - low emission maritime transport
Solutions for provision of renewable energy to ships (electricity, hydrogen, …………) Power management systems to Combine Combustion engines with Fuel cells and Batteries
Improving the Fuel cell and Battery technology in a maritime application
Use of Low impact fuels partly or fully in the combustion engine (s)
Safe and effective use on ship
Ampére – battery ferry
Viking Lady – hybrid

19. Thank you !