2. CHAIN POLYMERIZATION Free Radical Polymerization Free radical are independently-existing species that have unpaired electron. Normally they are highly reactive with short life time. Free radical polymerization’s are chain polymerization’s in which each polymer molecules grows by addition of monomer to a terminal free-radical reactive site known as active center. After each addition the free radical is transferred to the chain end. Chain polymerization is characterized by three distinct stages, Initiation, propagation and termination.

3. Example The formation of polyvinyl monomer. CH 2 = CHX

4. INITIATION This stage is a two steps stage 1.The formation of free radicals from an initiator. 2.The addition of one of these free radicals to a monomer molecules. Free radical can be formed by two principal 1.Homolytic scission (homolysis) or breakage of a single bond. 2.Single electron transferred to or from an ion or molecule (redox reactions) Homolytic can be achieved by heat (thermolysis) or by light such as U.V. (photolysis).

5. Example Sometimes the radicals undergo further breakdown (  - scissions) such as O O O -C-0-0-C- 2 -C-O Benzoly peroxide Benzolyooxy radicals (CH 3 ) 2 C-N = N- C (CH 3 ) 2 2(CH 3 ) 2 C + N 2 CN CN CN Azobisisobutyronitril 2-Cyanopropyl radicals O -C-0 + C = O (CH 3 ) 2 - C-O CH 3 + (CH 3 ) 2 -C = 0 CH3 Methyl acetone radical

6. PHOTOLYSIS Photolysis is the second principle of free radical formation. The advantage of this method is that the formation of free radicals begins at the instant of exposure and cases as soon as the light source is removed.

7. REDOX REACTION Redox reaction defined as the generation of free radicals by electron transfer and it is use when polymerization performed at low temperature. Example CH 3 CH 3 -C-0-0H + Fe 2+` -C-O + OH + Fe 3+ CH 3 CH 3 Cumyl Ferrous Cumyloyloxy hydroperoxide ion radical O O O O O O O-S-O-O-S-O + HO-S-O 0-S-O + O-S-O + OH-S-O O O O O Presulphate Bisulphate Sulphate Sulphate Bisulphate ion ion ion radical radical

8. An active center is crated when a free radical (R o ) which is generated from an initiator attacks the  -bond of the monomer molecules. R + CH 2 = CH R-CH 2 -CH or R-CH - CH 2 X X X This is more This is more likely stable Sometime free radical react with each other such as: O O O 2 -C-0-C-O- + C = O OR 2

9. PROPAGATION The addition of monomer molecules to the active center to grow the polymer chain. There are two modes of chain propagation Again mode (1) are more dominant. Time of addition for each monomer is of the order of a millisecond. Thus several thousands of additions can take place in a few seconds. Therefore polymer structure are like -----CH 2 -CH-CH 2 -CH-CH 2 -CH-CH 2 -CH------ X X X X 1. Head to Tail R-CH 2 -CH + CH 2 =CH R-CH 2 -CH-CH 2 -CH X X X X 2. Head to Head R-CH 2 -CH + CH 2 =CH R-CH 2 -CH-CH-CH 2 X X X X

10. TERMINATION The last stage of chain reaction in which the growth of the polymer chain terminated (or stopped). There are two mechanisms of termination 1.Combination Coupling together of two growing chains to form a single polymer molecules. polystyrene 2.Disproportionation when a hydrogen atom move from one growing chain to another --CH 2 -CH + CH - CH 2 --- ---- CH 2 -CH- CH-CH 2 --- X X X X H --CH 2 -CH + C - C--- ----CH 2 -CH 2 + CH=CH 2 --- X X H X X Saturated end Unsaturated end group polymer group polymer

11. Thank You See You Next Lecture