1. Noise More than just a nuisance Principles of Environmental Health Sciences

2. Competencies Identify common sources of noise Recognize adverse health effects associated with noise Find and apply information relevant to noise exposure and health risks

3. What is noise? Common definition: unwanted sound – Sound: Vibrations transmitted through elastic solid, liquid or gas Using subjective definition, people will classify sounds as “noise” differently

4. Common noise levels Source: US Occupational Safety and Health Administration

5. How do we assess noise? Area or activity measurements Personal measurements Exposure models

6. Auditory effects of noise Permanent, irreversible, uncurable noise-induced hearing loss following – Chronic exposure to elevated noise – Brief exposure to extremely high noise Profound social, occupational, and psychological impacts Typically suffer series of small temporary hearing losses before permanent damage – Test yourself with your car radio!

7. Non-auditory effects of noise Some effects associated with workplace and community noise – Hypertension – Ischemic heart disease – Sleep disturbance – Performance degradation – Annoyance – Psychological effects Noise exposure AnnoyanceEffect Noise exposure Sleep disruption Effect Or…

8. Exposure standards for workplaces To protect against noise-induced hearing loss Permissible Exposure Limit (enforceable) – 90 A-weighted decibels (dBA) average in 8-hour shift “Permissible” level not without risk – About 1 in 4 workers (!) will have a substantial hearing loss after 40 years

9. Exposure standards for communities To protect against noise-induced hearing loss Recommended Limit (not enforceable) – 24-hour average exposure  70 dBA – Protects everyone against any hearing loss To protect against annoyance/other effects – Day or night-time exposures between 30-55 dBA (specific level depends on effect) 70

10. Sources of noise in daily life Others?

11. Estimated total exposures among sample of ~4500 people in New York City EPA recommended annual limit 91% (!) of subjects over EPA limit from all sources combined; mean 76.8 dBA Source: Neitzel et al. Exposures to transit and other sources of noise among New York City residents. Environ Science Tech 46(1): 500-8 (2012).

12. Comparison of noise exposures in daily life in New York City Source: Neitzel et al. Exposures to transit and other sources of noise among New York City residents. Environ Science Tech 46(1): 500-8 (2012).

13. What can we reduce exposures to noise? Substitution or elimination (avoid exposure altogether) Engineering controls (change the noise source to reduce the noise level) Administrative controls (limit the length of the exposure) Personal protective equipment (wear earplugs or earmuffs to reduce exposure)

14. Conclusions Noise is ubiquitous in community and workplace settings Noise has a variety of associated auditory and non-auditory health effects There are established health standards for noise from a variety of agencies Noise exposure can be reduced through a variety of control methods

15. Additional resources Hearing loss simulator (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) – www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/products/product47.htm www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/products/product47.htm Online noise meter (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) – http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noise/noisemeter.html http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noise/noisemeter.html LAX real-time flight noise monitor – http://ems02.bksv.com/webtrak/lax4 http://ems02.bksv.com/webtrak/lax4

16. Practice 1.Identify three sources of noise exposure in your own personal life 2.For each of these three sources, identify one way in which you could reduce your exposure

17. Created by Rick Neitzel, PhD, CIH Assistant Professor Department of Environmental Health Sciences School of Public Health University of Michigan