1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

2. American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers LO 20.1: Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy. Foreign Policy Policy that involves choice taking about relations with the rest of the world. President is the chief initiator of U.S. foreign policy. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

3. American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Instruments of Foreign Policy Military – War, threat of war, and military force. Economic – Control of oil, trade regulations, tariff policies, and monetary policies. Diplomacy – Summit talks and treaties provide relationships. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

4. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Actors on the World Stage United Nations – Created in 1945 and today has 192 member nations with peacekeeping missions and programs in areas such as economic development, health, education, and welfare. Security Council has real power. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

5. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Actors on the World Stage (cont.) International Monetary Fund regulates international finance. World Bank finances development projects in new nations. World Trade Organization regulates international trade. Universal Postal Union helps get mail from country to country. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

6. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Actors on the World Stage (cont.) North Atlantic Treaty Organization – A regional organization created in 1949 by nations including the United States, Canada, and most Western European nations for mutual defense and has been expanded. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

7. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Actors on the World Stage (cont.) European Union – A transnational government composed of most European nations to coordinate monetary, trade, immigration, and labor policies, making its members one economic unit. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

8. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Actors on the World Stage (cont.) Multinational corporations are large and account for more than one-tenth of the global economy and one-third of world exports. They have voiced strong opinions about governments, taxes, and business regulations. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

9. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Actors on the World Stage (cont.) Nongovernmental organizations are groups not connected with governments, such as churches and labor unions, environmental and wildlife groups, and human rights groups. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

10. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Actors on the World Stage (cont.) Terrorists operating around the world are committed to overthrow specific governments. Terrorism – Airplane highjackings, assassinations, and bombings. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

11. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Actors on the World Stage (cont.) Tourism can affect international relations and economic system, and it may enhance friendship and understanding among nations. Students, immigrants, and refugees carry ideas/ideologies, and demand new public services. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

12. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers The President is the main force behind foreign policy. Chief Diplomat – President negotiates treaties and makes executive agreements. Commander in Chief – President deploys American troops abroad. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

13. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers (cont.) Presidents appoint ambassadors and the heads of executive departments (with consent of the Senate); accord recognition to other countries; and receive or not receive representatives of other nations. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

14. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers (cont.) Secretary of State – The head of the State Department and key foreign policy adviser to the president. State Department staffs over 300 U.S. embassies, consulates, and other posts, representing the interests of Americans. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

15. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.1

16. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers (cont.) Secretary of Defense – The head of the Department of Defense and the president’s key adviser on military policy and, as such, a key foreign policy actor. Defense Department – Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force together. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

17. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers (cont.) Joint Chiefs of Staff – A group that consists of the commanding officers of each of the armed services, a chairperson, and a vice chairperson, and advises the president on military policy. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

18. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers (cont.) National Security Council was created in 1947 to coordinate foreign and military policies. Composed of the president’s national security assistant (head), state and defense secretaries, vice president, and president. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

19. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers (cont.) Central Intelligence Agency – An agency created after World War II to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad and to collect, analyze, and evaluate intelligence. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

20. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers (cont.) National Reconnaissance Office uses imagery satellites to view missile sites and military activities around the world. The National Security Agency has electronic eavesdropping capabilities and protects our national security information. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

21. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers (cont.) Congress shares with president constitutional authority over foreign and defense policy. Congress has sole authority to declare war, raise and organize armed forces, and fund national security activities. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

22. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers (cont.) Senate must ratify treaties and confirm ambassadorial and cabinet nominations. Power of the purse and oversight of executive branch give Congress considerable clout over defense budget authorizations. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

23. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War Isolationism U.S. foreign policy most of its history whereby it tried to stay out of other nations’ conflicts, particularly European wars. Monroe Doctrine – Reaffirmed America’s intention to stay out of Europe’s affairs but warned European nations to stay out of Latin America. LO 20.2 To Learning Objectives

24. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War Isolationism (cont.) Entering World War I and then not joining the League of Nations continued American isolationism. Entering World War II and then joining the United Nations put an end to American isolationism. To Learning Objectives LO 20.2

25. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War The Cold War Containment Doctrine – George Kennan called for United States to isolate the Soviet Union, contain its advances, and resist its encroachments by peaceful means if possible or force if needed. Truman Doctrine – United States declared it would help other nations oppose communism. To Learning Objectives LO 20.2

26. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War The Cold War (cont.) Cold War – Hostility between the United States and Soviet Union from the end of World War II until the collapse of the Soviet Union and Eastern European communist regimes in 1989 and 1991. Korean War (1950-1953) – Put containment into practice involving China and North Korea. To Learning Objectives LO 20.2

27. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War The Cold War (cont.) Arms Race – Relationship started in the 1950s between the Soviet Union and United States whereby one side’s weaponry caused the other side to get more weaponry. Mutual Assured Destruction – The result of arms race by mid-1960s in which each side had ability to annihilate the other after absorbing a surprise attack. To Learning Objectives LO 20.2

28. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.2

29. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War The Cold War (cont.) Vietnam War – Johnson sent over 500,000 troops to contain Vietnamese communists. Nixon waged war in Cambodia and Vietnam, but negotiated with Vietnamese communists. 1973 Peace Treaty ends war, but in 1975 Vietnam was reunited into a single nation. To Learning Objectives LO 20.2

30. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War The Cold War (cont.) The Era of Détente – A policy, beginning in the early 1970s, that sought a relaxation of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, coupled with firm guarantees of mutual security. To Learning Objectives LO 20.2

31. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War The Cold War (cont.) Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) was a mutual effort by the United States and Soviet Union to limit the growth of their nuclear capabilities, with each power maintaining sufficient nuclear weapons to deter a surprise attack by the other. To Learning Objectives LO 20.2

32. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War The Cold War (cont.) Reagan Rearmament – Proposed a five- year defense buildup costing $1.5 trillion and defense officials were ordered to find places to spend money. Strategic Defense Initiative in 1983 to let computers scan the skies and use high- tech devices to destroy invading missiles. To Learning Objectives LO 20.2

33. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War The Cold War (cont.) Final Thaw in Cold War – Soviet leader Gorbachev’s changes helped end communist regimes and postwar barriers between Eastern and Western Europe in 1989. In 1991, the Soviet Union split into 15 separate nations, and noncommunist governments formed in most of them. To Learning Objectives LO 20.2

34. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism The Spread of Terrorism Terrorism – Use of violence to demoralize and frighten populations or governments. Forms of Terrorism – Bombing of buildings and ships; kidnapping of diplomats and civilians; and assassinating political leaders. LO 20.3 To Learning Objectives

35. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism The Spread of Terrorism (cont.) Terrorism is difficult to defend against because terrorists have the advantage of stealth and surprise and of a willingness to die for their cause. Defend – Better intelligence gathering and security measures and punishing governments and organizations that engage in terrorist activities. To Learning Objectives LO 20.3

36. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism Afghanistan and Iraq U.S. declared war on terrorism after the 9-11- 2001 attacks. Bush attacked bin Laden and al Qaeda and the Taliban regime that had been harboring them. The Taliban fell in short order although many suspected members of al Qaeda escaped. To Learning Objectives LO 20.3

37. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism Afghanistan and Iraq (cont.) Axis of Evil – Iran, Iraq, and North Korea as declared by Bush. In 2003, a U.S. led coalition removed Hussein from power. Win war on terror – End support of ideology and strategy used by terrorists out to destroy the United States and its allies. To Learning Objectives LO 20.3

38. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism Afghanistan and Iraq (cont.) In 2007, Bush ordered a troop surge in Iraq to slow violence and let Iraqis develop a democratic government, train police and defense forces, and engage in national reconciliation of major religious and ethnic groups. Obama has been substantially reducing U.S. troop levels. To Learning Objectives LO 20.3

39. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism Afghanistan and Iraq (cont.) Afghanistan goals – Legitimate and effective governance; relief assistance; and countering the surge in narcotics cultivation. In 2009, 30,000 more U.S. troops were sent to Afghanistan to help achieve these goals, but success has been elusive. To Learning Objectives LO 20.3

40. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Defense Policy Defense Spending Defense spending makes up about one- fifth of the federal budget, which is $600 billion per year. This is more than the next 15 or 20 biggest spenders combined. Results – Nuclear superiority, dominant air force, navy with worldwide operations, and power around the globe. LO 20.4 To Learning Objectives

41. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Defense Policy Personnel The United States has about 1.4 million men and women on active duty and about 845,000 in the National Guard and reserves. About 300,000 active duty troops are deployed abroad and many of them serve in Iraq, Afghanistan, Europe, Japan, and South Korea. To Learning Objectives LO 20.4

42. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.4

43. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Defense Policy Weapons Nuclear weapons – Ground-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), submarine launched ballistic missiles, and strategic bombers. Stealth bomber costs over $2 billion, and the total cost of building nuclear weapons has been $5.5 trillion. To Learning Objectives LO 20.4

44. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Defense Policy Weapons (cont.) Other weapons – Jet fighters, aircraft carriers, and tanks. Space-age technology helped win the Gulf War and topple the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and Saddam Hussein in Iraq. Producing expensive weapons also provides jobs for U.S. workers. To Learning Objectives LO 20.4

45. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Defense Policy Reforming Defense Policy Reevaluate weapons systems; make armed forces lighter, faster, and more flexible; effectively coupling intelligence with an agile military; and use Special Forces to conduct specialized operations like reconnaissance, unconventional warfare, and counterterrorism actions. To Learning Objectives LO 20.4

46. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The New National Security Agenda The Changing Role of Military Power Force is often not appropriate for achieving all goals. Soft power – Nation persuades others to do what it wants without force or coercion. National security hinges as much on winning hearts and minds as it does on winning wars. LO 20.5 To Learning Objectives

47. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The New National Security Agenda The Changing Role of Military Power (cont.) United States and its allies have used military force to accomplish humanitarian ends. 1999 – Protect ethnic Albanians in Kosovo by bombing Serbs. 2010 – Provide food, housing, and medical care in Haiti after a severe earthquake. To Learning Objectives LO 20.5

48. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The New National Security Agenda The Changing Role of Military Power (cont.) Economic Sanctions – Nonmilitary penalties imposed on nation. Penalties – No aid; ban military sales; restrict imports; or a total trade embargo. Goals – Stop terrorism, unfair trading, human rights abuse, and drug trafficking; and promote environmental initiatives. To Learning Objectives LO 20.5

49. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The New National Security Agenda Nuclear Proliferation Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968) – Nations agreed to not acquire or test nuclear weapons. United States, Russia, Britain, France, China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea have declared that they have nuclear weapons. North Korea and Iran are now developing nuclear weapons and U.S. policymakers are concerned. To Learning Objectives LO 20.5

50. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The New National Security Agenda The International Economy Interdependency – Nations’ actions affect economic well-being of people in other nations. International Monetary Fund is an international organization of 185 countries meant to stabilize the exchange of currencies and the world economy. To Learning Objectives LO 20.5

51. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The New National Security Agenda The International Economy (cont.) Tariff – Tax added to imported goods to raise price. Agreements have lowered trade barriers – 1993 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 1994 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and 2005 Central American–Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement. To Learning Objectives LO 20.5

52. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The New National Security Agenda The International Economy Balance of Trade – The ratio of what is paid for imports to what is earned from exports. Balance-of-trade deficit – When more is paid than earned; it was $379 billion in 2009; and it can lead to a decline in the value of a nation’s currency. To Learning Objectives LO 20.5

53. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The New National Security Agenda Energy Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries – Primarily Middle Eastern nations seeking to control the price and amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations. America imports more than half of its annual consumption of oil from other nations, particularly from Middle Eastern countries. To Learning Objectives LO 20.5

54. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The New National Security Agenda Foreign Aid Congress appropriates less than 1% of budget for foreign aid in areas of economic development and military assistance. U.S. donates more total aid than any other country, it devotes a smaller share of its GDP to foreign economic development than any other developed nation. To Learning Objectives LO 20.5

55. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Understanding National Security Policymaking National Security Policymaking and Democracy Policymakers usually respond when people hold strong opinions about international relations. Separation of powers – President takes the lead on national security matters, but Congress has a central role in matters of international relations. LO 20.6 To Learning Objectives

56. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Understanding National Security Policymaking National Security Policymaking and Democracy (cont.) Pluralism is in international economic policy – Agencies, members of Congress, and their constituents all pursue their own policy goals and a range of interests are represented in foreign policymaking. To Learning Objectives LO 20.6

57. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Understanding National Security Policymaking National Security Policymaking and the Scope of Government Demand government action – War on terrorism; treaty obligations to defend allies; economic interests in an interdependent global economy; and pressing new questions on the global agenda. To Learning Objectives LO 20.6

58. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Understanding National Security Policymaking National Security Policymaking and the Scope of Government (cont.) National defense – One-fifth of budget and more than 2 million employees of Defense Department. Scope of government in national security policy will be great as long as America has political, diplomatic, economic, and military interests in the world. To Learning Objectives LO 20.6