1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

3. Chapter 20: National Security Policymaking American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism Defense Policy The New National Security Agenda Understanding National Security Policymaking Summary

4. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers LO 20.1: Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

5. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War LO 20.2: Outline the evolution of and major issues in American foreign policy through the end of the Cold War.

6. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism LO 20.3: Explain the major obstacles to success in the war on terrorism. Defense Policy LO 20.4: Identify the major elements of U.S. defense policy.

7. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives The New National Security Agenda LO 20.5: Analyze the evolving challenges for U.S. national security policy.

8. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives Understanding National Security Policymaking Understanding National Security Policymaking LO 20.6: Assess the role of democratic politics in making national security policy and the role of national security policy in expanding government.

9. American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers LO 20.1: Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy. Foreign Policy Policy that involves choice taking about relations with the rest of the world. President is the chief initiator of U.S. foreign policy. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

10. American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Instruments of Foreign Policy Actors on the World Stage The Policymakers To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

11. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Instruments of Foreign Policy Military – War, threat of war, and military force. Economic – Control of oil, trade regulations, tariff policies, and monetary policies. Diplomacy – Summit talks and treaties provide relationships. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

12. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Actors on the World Stage United Nations – Created in 1945 and today has 192 member nations with peacekeeping missions and programs in areas such as economic development, health, education, and welfare. Security Council has real power. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

13. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.1

14. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Actors on the World Stage (cont.) International Monetary Fund regulates international finance. World Bank finances development projects in new nations. World Trade Organization regulates international trade. Universal Postal Union helps get mail from country to country. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

15. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Actors on the World Stage (cont.) North Atlantic Treaty Organization – A regional organization created in 1949. Includes the United States, Canada, and most Western European nations for mutual defense and has been expanded. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

16. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Actors on the World Stage (cont.) European Union – A transnational government composed of most European nations to coordinate monetary, trade, immigration, and labor policies, making its members one economic unit. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

17. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Actors on the World Stage (cont.) Multinational corporations are large and account for more than one-tenth of the global economy and one-third of world exports. They have voiced strong opinions about governments, taxes, and business regulations. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

18. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Actors on the World Stage (cont.) Nongovernmental organizations are groups not connected with governments, such as churches and labor unions, environmental and wildlife groups, and human rights groups. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

19. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Actors on the World Stage (cont.) Terrorists operating around the world are committed to overthrow specific governments. Terrorism – Airplane highjackings, assassinations, and bombings. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

20. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Actors on the World Stage (cont.) Tourism can affect international relations and economic system It may enhance friendship and understanding among nations. Students, immigrants, and refugees carry ideas/ideologies, and demand new public services. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

21. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers The President is the main force behind foreign policy. Chief Diplomat – President negotiates treaties and makes executive agreements. Commander in Chief – President deploys American troops abroad. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

22. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers (cont.) Presidents appoint ambassadors and the heads of executive departments (with consent of the Senate); accord recognition to other countries; and receive or not receive representatives of other nations. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

23. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers (cont.) Secretary of State – The head of the State Department and key foreign policy adviser to the president. State Department staffs over 300 U.S. embassies, consulates, and other posts, representing the interests of Americans. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

24. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.1

25. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers (cont.) Secretary of Defense – The head of the Department of Defense and the president’s key adviser on military policy and, as such, a key foreign policy actor. Defense Department – Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force together. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

26. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers (cont.) Joint Chiefs of Staff – A group that consists of the commanding officers of each of the armed services, a chairperson, and a vice chairperson, and advises the president on military policy. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

27. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers (cont.) National Security Council was created in 1947 to coordinate foreign and military policies. Composed of the president’s national security assistant (head), state and defense secretaries, vice president, and president. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

28. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers (cont.) Central Intelligence Agency – An agency created after World War II to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad and to collect, analyze, and evaluate intelligence. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

29. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers (cont.) National Reconnaissance Office uses imagery satellites to view missile sites and military activities around the world. The National Security Agency has electronic eavesdropping capabilities and protects our national security information. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

30. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.1

31. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers (cont.) Congress shares with president constitutional authority over foreign and defense policy. Congress has sole authority to declare war, raise and organize armed forces, and fund national security activities. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

32. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The Policymakers (cont.) Senate must ratify treaties and confirm ambassadorial and cabinet nominations. Power of the purse and oversight of executive branch give Congress considerable clout over defense budget authorizations. To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

33. American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War LO 20.2: Outline the evolution of and major issues in American foreign policy through the end of the Cold War. Isolationism The Cold War To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

34. American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War Isolationism U.S. foreign policy most of its history whereby it tried to stay out of other nations’ conflicts, particularly European wars. Monroe Doctrine – Reaffirmed America’s intention to stay out of Europe’s affairs but warned European nations to stay out of Latin America. LO 20.2 To Learning Objectives

35. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.2

36. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War Isolationism (cont.) Entering World War I and then not joining the League of Nations continued American isolationism. Entering World War II and then joining the United Nations put an end to American isolationism. To Learning Objectives LO 20.2

37. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War The Cold War Containment Doctrine – George Kennan called for United States to isolate the Soviet Union, contain its advances, and resist its encroachments by peaceful means if possible or force if needed. Truman Doctrine – United States declared it would help other nations oppose communism. To Learning Objectives LO 20.2

38. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War The Cold War (cont.) Cold War – Hostility between the United States and Soviet Union from the end of World War II until the collapse of the Soviet Union and Eastern European communist regimes in 1989 and 1991. Korean War (1950-1953) – Put containment into practice involving China and North Korea. To Learning Objectives LO 20.2

39. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War The Cold War (cont.) Arms Race – Relationship started in the 1950s between the Soviet Union and United States whereby one side’s weaponry caused the other side to get more weaponry. Mutual Assured Destruction – The result of arms race by mid-1960s in which each side had ability to annihilate the other after absorbing a surprise attack. To Learning Objectives LO 20.2

40. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.2

41. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War The Cold War (cont.) Vietnam War – Johnson sent over 500,000 troops to contain Vietnamese communists. Nixon waged war in Cambodia and Vietnam, but negotiated with Vietnamese communists. 1973 Peace Treaty ends war, but in 1975 Vietnam was reunited into a single nation. To Learning Objectives LO 20.2

42. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War The Cold War (cont.) The Era of Détente – A policy, beginning in the early 1970s, that sought a relaxation of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, coupled with firm guarantees of mutual security. To Learning Objectives LO 20.2

43. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War The Cold War (cont.) Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) was a mutual effort by the United States and Soviet Union to limit the growth of their nuclear capabilities, with each power maintaining sufficient nuclear weapons to deter a surprise attack by the other. To Learning Objectives LO 20.2

44. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War The Cold War (cont.) Reagan Rearmament – Proposed a five- year defense buildup costing $1.5 trillion and defense officials were ordered to find places to spend money. Strategic Defense Initiative in 1983 to let computers scan the skies and use high- tech devices to destroy invading missiles. To Learning Objectives LO 20.2

45. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War The Cold War (cont.) Final Thaw in Cold War – Soviet leader Gorbachev’s changes helped end communist regimes and postwar barriers between Eastern and Western Europe in 1989. In 1991, the Soviet Union split into 15 separate nations, and noncommunist governments formed in most of them. To Learning Objectives LO 20.2

46. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.2

47. American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism LO 20.3: Explain the major obstacles to success in the war on terrorism. The Spread of Terrorism Afghanistan and Iraq To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

48. American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism The Spread of Terrorism Terrorism – Use of violence to demoralize and frighten populations or governments. Forms of Terrorism – Bombing of buildings and ships; kidnapping of diplomats and civilians; and assassinating political leaders. LO 20.3 To Learning Objectives

49. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.3

50. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism The Spread of Terrorism (cont.) Terrorism is difficult to defend against because terrorists have the advantage of stealth and surprise and of a willingness to die for their cause. Defend – Better intelligence gathering and security measures and punishing governments and organizations that engage in terrorist activities. To Learning Objectives LO 20.3

51. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism Afghanistan and Iraq U.S. declared war on terrorism after the 9-11- 2001 attacks. Bush attacked bin Laden and al Qaeda and the Taliban regime that had been harboring them. The Taliban fell in short order although many suspected members of al Qaeda escaped. To Learning Objectives LO 20.3

52. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism Afghanistan and Iraq (cont.) Axis of Evil – Iran, Iraq, and North Korea as declared by Bush. In 2003, a U.S. led coalition removed Hussein from power. Win war on terror – End support of ideology and strategy used by terrorists out to destroy the United States and its allies. To Learning Objectives LO 20.3

53. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism Afghanistan and Iraq (cont.) In 2007, Bush ordered a troop surge in Iraq to slow violence and let Iraqis develop a democratic government, train police and defense forces, and engage in national reconciliation of major religious and ethnic groups. Obama has been substantially reducing U.S. troop levels. To Learning Objectives LO 20.3

54. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism Afghanistan and Iraq (cont.) Afghanistan goals – Legitimate and effective governance; relief assistance; and countering the surge in narcotics cultivation. In 2009, 30,000 more U.S. troops were sent to Afghanistan to help achieve these goals, but success has been elusive. To Learning Objectives LO 20.3

55. Defense Policy LO 20.4: Identify the major elements of U.S. defense policy. Defense Spending Personnel Weapons Reforming Defense Policy To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

56. Defense Policy Defense Spending Defense spending makes up about one- fifth of the federal budget, which is $600 billion per year. This is more than the next 15 or 20 biggest spenders combined. Results – Nuclear superiority, dominant air force, navy with worldwide operations, and power around the globe. LO 20.4 To Learning Objectives

57. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.4

58. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Defense Policy Personnel The United States has about 1.4 million men and women on active duty and about 845,000 in the National Guard and reserves. About 300,000 active duty troops are deployed abroad and many of them serve in Iraq, Afghanistan, Europe, Japan, and South Korea. To Learning Objectives LO 20.4

59. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.4

60. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Defense Policy Weapons Nuclear weapons – Ground-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), submarine launched ballistic missiles, and strategic bombers. Stealth bomber costs over $2 billion, and the total cost of building nuclear weapons has been $5.5 trillion. To Learning Objectives LO 20.4

61. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.4

62. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Defense Policy Weapons (cont.) Other weapons – Jet fighters, aircraft carriers, and tanks. Space-age technology helped win the Gulf War and topple the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and Saddam Hussein in Iraq. Producing expensive weapons also provides jobs for U.S. workers. To Learning Objectives LO 20.4

63. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Defense Policy Reforming Defense Policy Reevaluate weapons systems; make armed forces lighter, faster, and more flexible; effectively coupling intelligence with an agile military; and use Special Forces to conduct specialized operations like reconnaissance, unconventional warfare, and counterterrorism actions. To Learning Objectives LO 20.4

64. The New National Security Agenda LO 20.5: Analyze the evolving challenges for U.S. national security policy. The Changing Role of Military Power Nuclear Proliferation The International Economy Energy Foreign Aid To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

65. The New National Security Agenda The Changing Role of Military Power Force is often not appropriate for achieving all goals. Soft power – Nation persuades others to do what it wants without force or coercion. National security hinges as much on winning hearts and minds as it does on winning wars. LO 20.5 To Learning Objectives

66. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The New National Security Agenda The Changing Role of Military Power (cont.) United States and its allies have used military force to accomplish humanitarian ends. 1999 – Protect ethnic Albanians in Kosovo by bombing Serbs. 2010 – Provide food, housing, and medical care in Haiti after a severe earthquake. To Learning Objectives LO 20.5

67. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The New National Security Agenda The Changing Role of Military Power (cont.) Economic Sanctions – Nonmilitary penalties imposed on nation. Penalties – No aid; ban military sales; restrict imports; or a total trade embargo. Goals – Stop terrorism, unfair trading, human rights abuse, and drug trafficking; and promote environmental initiatives. To Learning Objectives LO 20.5

68. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The New National Security Agenda Nuclear Proliferation Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968) – Nations agreed to not acquire or test nuclear weapons. United States, Russia, Britain, France, China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea have declared that they have nuclear weapons. North Korea and Iran are now developing nuclear weapons and U.S. policymakers are concerned. To Learning Objectives LO 20.5

69. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.5

70. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The New National Security Agenda The International Economy Interdependency – Nations’ actions affect economic well-being of people in other nations. International Monetary Fund is an international organization of 185 countries meant to stabilize the exchange of currencies and the world economy. To Learning Objectives LO 20.5

71. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The New National Security Agenda The International Economy (cont.) Tariff – Tax added to imported goods to raise price. Agreements have lowered trade barriers – 1993 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 1994 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and 2005 Central American–Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement. To Learning Objectives LO 20.5

72. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.5

73. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.5

74. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The New National Security Agenda The International Economy Balance of Trade – The ratio of what is paid for imports to what is earned from exports. Balance-of-trade deficit – When more is paid than earned; it was $379 billion in 2009; and it can lead to a decline in the value of a nation’s currency. To Learning Objectives LO 20.5

75. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The New National Security Agenda Energy Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries – Primarily Middle Eastern nations seeking to control the price and amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations. America imports more than half of its annual consumption of oil from other nations, particularly from Middle Eastern countries. To Learning Objectives LO 20.5

76. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The New National Security Agenda Foreign Aid Congress appropriates less than 1% of budget for foreign aid in areas of economic development and military assistance. U.S. donates more total aid than any other country, it devotes a smaller share of its GDP to foreign economic development than any other developed nation. To Learning Objectives LO 20.5

77. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.5

78. Understanding National Security Policymaking LO 20.6: Assess the role of democratic politics in making national security policy and the role of national security policy in expanding government. National Security Policymaking and Democracy National Security Policymaking and the Scope of Government To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

79. Understanding National Security Policymaking National Security Policymaking and Democracy Policymakers usually respond when people hold strong opinions about international relations. Separation of powers – President takes the lead on national security matters, but Congress has a central role in matters of international relations. LO 20.6 To Learning Objectives

80. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Understanding National Security Policymaking National Security Policymaking and Democracy (cont.) Pluralism is in international economic policy – Agencies, members of Congress, and their constituents all pursue their own policy goals and a range of interests are represented in foreign policymaking. To Learning Objectives LO 20.6

81. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Understanding National Security Policymaking National Security Policymaking and the Scope of Government Demand government action – War on terrorism; treaty obligations to defend allies; economic interests in an interdependent global economy; and pressing new questions on the global agenda. To Learning Objectives LO 20.6

82. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Understanding National Security Policymaking National Security Policymaking and the Scope of Government (cont.) National defense – One-fifth of budget and more than 2 million employees of Defense Department. Scope of government in national security policy will be great as long as America has political, diplomatic, economic, and military interests in the world. To Learning Objectives LO 20.6

83. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.1 Summary American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers The use and potential use of military force, economic policies, and diplomacy are the main instruments of national security policy. To Learning Objectives

84. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.1 Summary American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers (cont.) Nations, international and regional organizations, multinational corporations, nongovernmental organizations, terrorists, and individuals influence American national security policy. To Learning Objectives

85. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.1 Summary American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers (cont.) President is the main force in national security policymaking, and is assisted by Departments of State and Defense, CIA, and the intelligence establishment. Congress plays an important role in national security policy. To Learning Objectives

86. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Which of the following organizations was created to help the president coordinate American foreign and military policies? A.The Department of Defense B.The National Security Council C.The State Department D.The North Atlantic Treaty Organization LO 20.1 To Learning Objectives

87. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Which of the following organizations was created to help the president coordinate American foreign and military policies? A.The Department of Defense B.The National Security Council C.The State Department D.The North Atlantic Treaty Organization To Learning Objectives LO 20.1

88. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.2 Summary American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War Until the mid-twentieth century, American foreign policy emphasized keeping a distance from the affairs of other countries, with the notable exception of countries in Latin America. To Learning Objectives

89. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.2 Summary American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War (cont.) Following World War II, the United States became locked in an ideological conflict with the Soviet Union and focused its foreign policy on containing communism and Soviet expansion. To Learning Objectives

90. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.2 Summary American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War (cont.) This competition came to include a nuclear arms race and U.S. involvement in wars in Korea and Vietnam against communist forces, but never war between the United States and the Soviet Union. To Learning Objectives

91. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.2 Summary American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War (cont.) There were efforts to relax tensions, but the Cold War did not end until the breakup of the Soviet Union and liberalization of governments in Eastern Europe. The United States maintained an enormous defense capability. To Learning Objectives

92. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The policy of containment called for the United States to stop the spread of. A.terrorism B.détente C.nuclear weapons D.communism LO 20.2 To Learning Objectives

93. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The policy of containment called for the United States to stop the spread of. A.terrorism B.détente C.nuclear weapons D.communism To Learning Objectives LO 20.2

94. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.3 Summary American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism The U.S. defense capability has been put to new use with the war on terrorism, the struggle that is at the top of America’s national security priorities. It is difficult to defend against terrorism in an open society. To Learning Objectives

95. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.3 Summary American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism (cont.) Terrorists have the advantage of stealth and surprise and, often, a willingness to die for their cause. They are also generally decentralized so they cannot be defeated simply by attacking another nation. To Learning Objectives

96. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.3 Summary American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism (cont.) Moreover, winning the war on terrorism requires political as well as military successes. The United States’ wars with Iraq and Afghanistan were motivated by the fight against terrorists. To Learning Objectives

97. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.3 Summary American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism (cont.) However, ensuring legitimate, effective governance remains difficult A terrorist haven has emerged in remote regions of Pakistan. To Learning Objectives

98. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman It is difficult to defend against terrorism because terrorists have the advantage of _______. A.stealth. B.surprise. C.a willingness to die for their cause. D.all of the above. LO 20.3 To Learning Objectives

99. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman It is difficult to defend against terrorism because terrorists have the advantage of _______. A.stealth. B.surprise. C.a willingness to die for their cause. D.all of the above. To Learning Objectives LO 20.3

100. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.4 Summary Defense Policy The United States spends about one-fifth of its budget on national defense, and has 1.4 million men and women in the active duty armed services and another 845,000 on the National Guard and reserves. To Learning Objectives

101. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.4 Summary Defense Policy (cont.) Modern weapons systems are sophisticated, expensive, and dangerous The United States has entered a number of important agreements to reduce nuclear weapons. To Learning Objectives

102. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.4 Summary Defense Policy (cont.) Recent reforms in defense policy, intended to reshape it for changing threats, have placed more emphasis on lighter, faster, and more flexible forces, more effective use of intelligence, the use of Special Forces, and counterterrorism. To Learning Objectives

103. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Which of the following is a major element of U.S. defense policy? A.defense spending B.personnel C.weapons D.all of the above LO 20.4 To Learning Objectives

104. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Which of the following is a major element of U.S. defense policy? A.defense spending B.personnel C.weapons D.all of the above To Learning Objectives LO 20.4

105. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.5 Summary The New National Security Agenda United States has great military power, but many issues facing the world today are not military issues. Nuclear proliferation and terrorism present challenges to national security that are not easily met by weaponry alone. To Learning Objectives

106. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.5 Summary The New National Security Agenda (cont.) Global interdependency in economics, energy, environment, and other areas reveal new vulnerabilities and additional challenges for national security policy. Effective use of foreign aid is also a perennial policy concern. To Learning Objectives

107. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman To succeed, economic sanctions typically have to _______. A.have broad international support. B.follow targeted military strikes. C.have support within the targeted nation. D.involve the nations of North America. LO 20.5 To Learning Objectives

108. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman To succeed, economic sanctions typically have to _______. A.have broad international support. B.follow targeted military strikes. C.have support within the targeted nation. D.involve the nations of North America. To Learning Objectives LO 20.5

109. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.6 Summary Understanding National Security Policymaking There are different opinions over how much discretion to accord policymakers in national security policy. Policies at odds with public’s wishes cannot be sustained. Congress can be a crucial check on the executive. To Learning Objectives

110. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 20.6 Summary Understanding National Security Policymaking (cont.) Scope of government in national security policymaking will be substantial as long as America is fighting terrorism, has treaty obligations to defend allies, participates in an interdependent global economy, and must deal with energy and environmental issues. To Learning Objectives

111. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman In recent years, national security policy has contributed to an scope of government. A.overall reduced B.average sized C.expanded D.under sized LO 20.6 To Learning Objectives

112. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman In recent years, national security policy has contributed to an scope of government. A.overall reduced B.average sized C.expanded D.under sized To Learning Objectives LO 20.6

113. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Text Credits Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2011: Historical Tables (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2010),Table 3.1. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2011: Appendix (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2010), 239. CQ Weekly, May 23, 1998. Updated by the authors. Copyright 1998 by CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC. Reproduced with permission of CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center. CQ Weekly, May 23, 1998. Updated by the authors. Copyright 1998 by CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC. Reproduced with permission of CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC in the format Other book via Copyright Clearance Center. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2010.

114. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Photo Credits 572: Robert Clark/Aurora Photos 573T: Stan Honda/Getty Images 573 TC: Bettmann/Corbis 573 TB: Matthew McDermott/Corbis 573B: Bettmann/Corbis 575: Stan Honda/Getty Images 577: Robert Arial 578: Corbis Images 580: Corbis Images 582T: AP Photos 582B: Bettmann/Corbis 585: AP Photos 586L: Matthew McDermott/Corbis 586C: AP Photos 586R: AFP Getty Images 591: Bettmann/Corbis 597: Getty Images