1. Parallel Programming & Cluster Computing Distributed Multiprocessing David Joiner, Kean University Tom Murphy, Contra Costa College Henry Neeman, University of Oklahoma Charlie Peck, Earlham College Kay Wanous, Earlham College SC09 Education Program, Louisiana State University, July 5-11 2009

2. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 2 Message = Envelope+Contents MPI_Send(message, strlen(message) + 1, MPI_CHAR, destination, tag, MPI_COMM_WORLD); When MPI sends a message, it doesn’t just send the contents; it also sends an “envelope” describing the contents: Size (number of elements of data type) Data type Source: rank of sending process Destination: rank of process to receive Tag (message ID) Communicator (for example, MPI_COMM_WORLD )

3. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 3 MPI Data Types CFortran charMPI_CHARCHARACTERMPI_CHARACTER intMPI_INTINTEGERMPI_INTEGER floatMPI_FLOATREALMPI_REAL doubleMPI_DOUBLEDOUBLE PRECISION MPI_DOUBLE_PRECISION MPI supports several other data types, but most are variations of these, and probably these are all you’ll use.

4. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 4 Message Tags My daughter was born in mid-December. So, if I give her a present in December, how does she know which of these it’s for? Her birthday Christmas Hanukah She knows because of the tag on the present: A little cake and candles means birthday A little tree or a Santa means Christmas A little menorah means Hanukah

5. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 5 Message Tags for (source = 0; source < num_procs; source++) { if (source != server_rank) { mpi_error_code = MPI_Recv(message, maximum_message_length + 1, MPI_CHAR, source, tag, MPI_COMM_WORLD, &status); fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", message); } /* if (source != server_rank) */ } /* for source */ The greetings are printed in deterministic order not because messages are sent and received in order, but because each has a tag (message identifier), and MPI_Recv asks for a specific message (by tag) from a specific source (by rank).

6. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 6 Parallelism is Nondeterministic for (source = 0; source < num_procs; source++) { if (source != server_rank) { mpi_error_code = MPI_Recv(message, maximum_message_length + 1, MPI_CHAR, MPI_ANY_SOURCE, tag, MPI_COMM_WORLD, &status); fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", message); } /* if (source != server_rank) */ } /* for source */ But here the greetings are printed in non-deterministic order.

7. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 7 Communicators An MPI communicator is a collection of processes that can send messages to each other. MPI_COMM_WORLD is the default communicator; it contains all of the processes. It’s probably the only one you’ll need. Some libraries create special library-only communicators, which can simplify keeping track of message tags.

8. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 8 Broadcasting What happens if one process has data that everyone else needs to know? For example, what if the server process needs to send an input value to the others? MPI_Bcast(length, 1, MPI_INTEGER, source, MPI_COMM_WORLD); Note that MPI_Bcast doesn’t use a tag, and that the call is the same for both the sender and all of the receivers. All processes have to call MPI_Bcast at the same time; everyone waits until everyone is done.

9. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 9 Broadcast Example: Setup PROGRAM broadcast IMPLICIT NONE INCLUDE "mpif.h" INTEGER,PARAMETER :: server = 0 INTEGER,PARAMETER :: source = server INTEGER,DIMENSION(:),ALLOCATABLE :: array INTEGER :: length, memory_status INTEGER :: num_procs, my_rank, mpi_error_code CALL MPI_Init(mpi_error_code) CALL MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, my_rank, & & mpi_error_code) CALL MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD, num_procs, & & mpi_error_code) [input] [broadcast] CALL MPI_Finalize(mpi_error_code) END PROGRAM broadcast

10. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 10 Broadcast Example: Input PROGRAM broadcast IMPLICIT NONE INCLUDE "mpif.h" INTEGER,PARAMETER :: server = 0 INTEGER,PARAMETER :: source = server INTEGER,DIMENSION(:),ALLOCATABLE :: array INTEGER :: length, memory_status INTEGER :: num_procs, my_rank, mpi_error_code [MPI startup] IF (my_rank == server) THEN OPEN (UNIT=99,FILE="broadcast_in.txt") READ (99,*) length CLOSE (UNIT=99) ALLOCATE(array(length), STAT=memory_status) array(1:length) = 0 END IF !! (my_rank == server)...ELSE [broadcast] CALL MPI_Finalize(mpi_error_code) END PROGRAM broadcast

11. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 11 Broadcast Example: Broadcast PROGRAM broadcast IMPLICIT NONE INCLUDE "mpif.h" INTEGER,PARAMETER :: server = 0 INTEGER,PARAMETER :: source = server [other declarations] [MPI startup and input] IF (num_procs > 1) THEN CALL MPI_Bcast(length, 1, MPI_INTEGER, source, & & MPI_COMM_WORLD, mpi_error_code) IF (my_rank /= server) THEN ALLOCATE(array(length), STAT=memory_status) END IF !! (my_rank /= server) CALL MPI_Bcast(array, length, MPI_INTEGER, source, & MPI_COMM_WORLD, mpi_error_code) WRITE (0,*) my_rank, ": broadcast length = ", length END IF !! (num_procs > 1) CALL MPI_Finalize(mpi_error_code) END PROGRAM broadcast

12. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 12 Broadcast Compile & Run % mpif90 -o broadcast broadcast.f90 % mpirun -np 4 broadcast 0 : broadcast length = 16777216 1 : broadcast length = 16777216 2 : broadcast length = 16777216 3 : broadcast length = 16777216

13. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 13 Reductions A reduction converts an array to a scalar: for example, sum, product, minimum value, maximum value, Boolean AND, Boolean OR, etc. Reductions are so common, and so important, that MPI has two routines to handle them: MPI_Reduce : sends result to a single specified process MPI_Allreduce : sends result to all processes (and therefore takes longer)

14. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 14 Reduction Example PROGRAM reduce IMPLICIT NONE INCLUDE "mpif.h" INTEGER,PARAMETER :: server = 0 INTEGER :: value, value_sum INTEGER :: num_procs, my_rank, mpi_error_code CALL MPI_Init(mpi_error_code) CALL MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, my_rank, mpi_error_code) CALL MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD, num_procs, mpi_error_code) value_sum = 0 value = my_rank * num_procs CALL MPI_Reduce(value, value_sum, 1, MPI_INT, MPI_SUM, & & server, MPI_COMM_WORLD, mpi_error_code) WRITE (0,*) my_rank, ": reduce value_sum = ", value_sum CALL MPI_Allreduce(value, value_sum, 1, MPI_INT, MPI_SUM, & & MPI_COMM_WORLD, mpi_error_code) WRITE (0,*) my_rank, ": allreduce value_sum = ", value_sum CALL MPI_Finalize(mpi_error_code) END PROGRAM reduce

15. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 15 Compiling and Running % mpif90 -o reduce reduce.f90 % mpirun -np 4 reduce 3 : reduce value_sum = 0 1 : reduce value_sum = 0 2 : reduce value_sum = 0 0 : reduce value_sum = 24 0 : allreduce value_sum = 24 1 : allreduce value_sum = 24 2 : allreduce value_sum = 24 3 : allreduce value_sum = 24

16. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 16 Why Two Reduction Routines? MPI has two reduction routines because of the high cost of each communication. If only one process needs the result, then it doesn’t make sense to pay the cost of sending the result to all processes. But if all processes need the result, then it may be cheaper to reduce to all processes than to reduce to a single process and then broadcast to all.

17. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 17 Non-blocking Communication MPI allows a process to start a send, then go on and do work while the message is in transit. This is called non-blocking or immediate communication. Here, “immediate” refers to the fact that the call to the MPI routine returns immediately rather than waiting for the communication to complete.

18. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 18 Immediate Send mpi_error_code = MPI_Isend(array, size, MPI_FLOAT, destination, tag, communicator, request); Likewise: mpi_error_code = MPI_Irecv(array, size, MPI_FLOAT, source, tag, communicator, request); This call starts the send/receive, but the send/receive won’t be complete until: MPI_Wait(request, status); What’s the advantage of this?

19. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 19 Communication Hiding In between the call to MPI_Isend/Irecv and the call to MPI_Wait, both processes can do work! If that work takes at least as much time as the communication, then the cost of the communication is effectively zero, since the communication won’t affect how much work gets done. This is called communication hiding.

20. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 20 Rule of Thumb for Hiding When you want to hide communication: as soon as you calculate the data, send it; don’t receive it until you need it. That way, the communication has the maximal amount of time to happen in background (behind the scenes).

21. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 21 SC09 Summer Workshops 1.May 17-23: Oklahoma State U: Computational Chemistry 2.May 25-30: Calvin Coll (MI): Intro to Computational Thinking 3.June 7-13: U Cal Merced: Computational Biology 4.June 7-13: Kean U (NJ): Parallel Progrmg & Cluster Comp 5.July 5-11: Atlanta U Ctr: Intro to Computational Thinking 6.July 5-11: Louisiana State U: Parallel Progrmg & Cluster Comp 7.July 12-18: U Florida: Computational Thinking Grades 6-12 8.July 12-18: Ohio Supercomp Ctr: Computational Engineering 9.Aug 2- 8: U Arkansas: Intro to Computational Thinking 10.Aug 9-15: U Oklahoma: Parallel Progrmg & Cluster Comp

22. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 22 OK Supercomputing Symposium 2009 2006 Keynote: Dan Atkins Head of NSF’s Office of Cyber- infrastructure 2004 Keynote: Sangtae Kim NSF Shared Cyberinfrastructure Division Director 2003 Keynote: Peter Freeman NSF Computer & Information Science & Engineering Assistant Director 2005 Keynote: Walt Brooks NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division Director 2007 Keynote: Jay Boisseau Director Texas Advanced Computing Center U. Texas Austin FREE! Wed Oct 7 2009 @ OU Over 235 registrations already! Over 150 in the first day, over 200 in the first week, over 225 in the first month. 2008 Keynote: José Munoz Deputy Office Director/ Senior Scientific Advisor Office of Cyber- infrastructure National Science Foundation 2009 Keynote: Ed Seidel Director NSF Office of Cyber- infrastructure http://symposium2009.oscer.ou.edu/ Parallel Programming Workshop FREE! Tue Oct 6 2009 @ OU Sponsored by SC09 Education Program FREE! Symposium Wed Oct 7 2009 @ OU

23. Thanks for your attention! Questions?

24. Parallel & Cluster Computing: Distributed Multiprocess SC09 Parallel & Cluster, LSU, July 5-11 2009 24 References [1] P.S. Pacheco, Parallel Programming with MPI, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1997. [2] W. Gropp, E. Lusk and A. Skjellum, Using MPI: Portable Parallel Programming with the Message-Passing Interface, 2 nd ed. MIT Press, 1999.