1. Sense organs Analizators Classification of sense organs Smell organ
Visual organ
Eye general structure
Sclera
Сornea
Choroid
Iris
Retina

2. ANALIZATOR sense organ + nerve + cortex (field)

3. Smell organ Olfactory epithelium: olfactory cells, supporting cells, basal cells Smell analizator = olfactory mucosa+n.olfactorius+hippocamp

4. The olfactory epithelium
is tall, pseudostratified columnar epithelium about 60 mm in height lacking goblet cells and with no distinct basal lamina contains three types of cells: sustanticular or supporting, basal and olfactory.

5. Eye Visual analizator = retina+n. opticus+occipital lobe cortex

6. Eye Eye tunics 1. Fibrosa (sclera+cornea)
2. Vascular (uveal tract): choroid+ciliary body+iris
3. Retina: blind+visual
Eye systems
Dioptric (cornea, lens, vitreus body)
Visual (retina)
Accomodative (ciliary body)

7. Tunica fibrosa
The eye’s outermost tunic has two main components The anterior surface forms the transparent cornea The posterior – opaque (white) sclera. The junction between the cornea and sclera is the limbus.

8. Cornea

9. 1.Anterior epithelium (str. sq. nonker.)
Cornea
1.Anterior epithelium (str. sq. nonker.)
2.Ant. limiting membrane (Bowman’s)
3.Substantia propria
4.Post. limiting membrane (Descemet’s)
5.Endothelium

10. Sclera
is opaque white connective tissue (dense fibrous tissue, about 1mm thick)
is composed of flat bundles of collagen fibers, which lie mainly parallel to the surface
The sclera has three layers:
episclera
substantia propria
lamina fusca

11. Tunica vasculosa (uveal tract)
components:
1) choroid (posterior part)
2) ciliary body (middle)
3) iris (anterior).
Choroid 1.Suprachoroid 2.Vascular lamina (melanocytes) 3.Choroidcapillaris 4. Basal complex (membrane of Bruch)

12. Sclera and choroid

13. Ciliary body

14. Ciliary body
1. Suprachoroid 2. Vascular lamina 3. Basal complex (membrane of Bruch) Has ciliary processes and the ciliary muscles The ciliary processes are irregular epithelium covered connective tissue outgrowth of the ciliary body that extends toward the lens

15. Iris 1. Anterior epithelium 2. Ant. limiting membrane 3
Iris 1. Anterior epithelium 2. Ant. limiting membrane 3. Vascular layer 4. Post. limiting membrane 5. Posterior epithelium

16. Lens capsule epithelium lens fibers

17. Lens
The lens capsule is an elastic and transparent basal lamina that covers the entire lens and prevents wandering cells from penetrating it.
Subcapsular epithelium. The height of this low cuboidal epithelium beneath the capsule on the anterior lens surface increases to columnar near the lens equator, where cell division occurs
Lens fibers are long, narrow, hexagonal, specialized epithelial cells that make up most of lens..

18. Retina blind and visual

19. Retina

20. Pigmental layer

21. Pigmented cells functions
Synthesis of melanin granules that absorb stray light in the eye chamber
Phagocytosis and digestion of apical parts of the photoreceptors
Active participation in ion transport, since they maintain an electrical potential between the two surfaces of the epithelium membrane
They participate in the processes of vitamin A esterification.

22. Scheme of retina

23. Nerve cells of retina 8 6 4

24. Nerve cells of retina There are three layers of retinal neurons
1st one (No4 - external nuclear layer) contains perikaryons of rode and cone cells - bipolar sensory cells
2nd - inner nuclear layer (No6) contains perikaryons of bipolar associative cells
3rd layer is ganglionic layer (No8) with large multipolar associative neurons.
Additional neurons horizontal and amacrine cells which lie in inner nuclear layer and have inhibiting function
Horizontal and amacrine cells do not have axons or dendrites, only neuritic processes conducting in both directions.

25. Rod and cone cells

26. Retina’s layers Pigment cell layer Layer of rods and cones
External limiting membrane
External nuclear layer
External plexiform layer
Inner nuclear layer
Inner plexiform layer
Ganglionic layer
Layer of optic nerve fibers
Internal limiting membrane

27. Areas of retina with special functions Blind macula - optic papilla Yellow macula - fovea

28. Yellow macula - fovea

29. Blind macula - optic papilla

30. The exit site from the retina of axons derived from ganglion cells is represented by the optic disc.
The optic disc includes the optic papila, a protrusion formed by the axons entering the optic nerve, and the lamina cribrosa of the sclera, pierced by the axons of the optic nerve.
Photoreceptors terminate at the edges of the optic disc, which represents the “blind spot” of the retina.
The central artery and vein of the retina pass through the optic disc.