1. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. CHAPTER The Endocrine System 7

2. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. After studying this chapter, you will be able to: 7.1Identify the roots/word parts associated with the endocrine system. 7.2Translate the Subjective terms associated with the endocrine system. 7.3Translate the Objective terms associated with the endocrine system. 7.4Translate the Assessment terms associated with the endocrine system. 7-2 Learning Outcomes

3. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Learning Outcomes 7.5Translate the Plan terms associated with the endocrine system. 7.6Use abbreviations associated with the endocrine system. 7.7 Distinguish terms associated with the endocrine system in the context of electronic health records. 7-3

4. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction and Overview of the Endocrine System The overall function of the endocrine system is to maintain homeostasis –Change nutrient levels –Respond to the environment –Direct growth and development Endocrine system organs function by: –Sending signals to other organs –Receiving signals from other organs –Changing their behavior based on the signals Signals are sent from one organ to another via the bloodstream 7-4

5. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Glands secrete hormones 7-5 7.1 Word Parts of the Endocrine System

6. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.1 Word Parts of the Endocrine System The hypothalamus is a structure in your brain that secretes many hormones. The hypothalamus sends hormones into the blood that travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland. 7-6

7. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.1 Word Parts of the Endocrine System The name of the hormone tells you what it will tell the anterior pituitary gland to release. 7-7 HypothalamusAnterior Pituitary GlandOrgan Thyroptin releasing hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone Thyroid gland Gonadotropin releasing hormone Luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone Gonads (ovaries or testes) Corticotropin releasing hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Adrenal cortex Growth hormone releasing hormone Growth hormoneLiver, fat, muscle, bone

8. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.1 Word Parts of the Endocrine System aden/o –adenoma –adenopathy adren/o –adrenarche –adrenalitis cortic/o –corticotropic –adrenocorticohyperplasia 7-8

9. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.1 Word Parts of the Endocrine System gonad/o –gonadopathy –gonadogenesis pancreat/o –pancreatitis –pancreatolith pituitar/o, hypophsy/o –hyperpituitarism –hypophysis 7-9

10. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.1 Word Parts of the Endocrine System thym/o –thymoma –thymectomy thyro/, thyroid/o –thyrotoxin –thyroidectomy 7-10

11. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.1 Word Parts of the Endocrine System gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o –glucorticoid –glucosuria –hypoglycemia crin/o –endocrine –exocrine 7-11

12. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.1 Word Parts of the Endocrine System The pituitary gland secretes hormones into the blood that act on other organs. –Thyroid-stimulating hormone Thyroid secretes T3 and T4 –Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone Stimulate the gonads 7-12

13. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.1 Word Parts of the Endocrine System Thyroid gland –T3 and T4 Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism –Calcitonin 7-13

14. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.1 Word Parts of the Endocrine System Pancreas –Endocrine function is to secrete hormones Insulin – decreases blood sugar Glucagon – increases blood sugar 7-14

15. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.1 Word Parts of the Endocrine System Adrenal gland –Cortex Corticosteroids –Mineralcorticoids –Glucocorticoids –Testosterone and estrogen –Medulla Epinephrine (adrenaline) 7-15

16. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.1 Word Parts of the Endocrine System Hormone levels are detected by measuring blood concentration levels of nutrients. Common measurements: –Hyperglycemia –Hypoglycemia –Euglycemia Can also measure endocrine function by urinalysis –Glucosuria –Ketonuria 7-16

17. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.1 Word Parts of the Endocrine System hormon/o –hormonopoesis ket/o –ketosis –ketogenic 7-17

18. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.1 Word Parts of the Endocrine System -tropin –thyrotropin –gonadotropin -emia –glycemia –calcemia -uria –polyuria 7-18

19. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.2 Patient History, Problems, Complaints Conditions of the adrenal gland –adrenal virilism –adrenarche –hirsutism 7-19

20. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.2 Patient History, Problems, Complaints Conditions of the gonads –hypogonadism –hypergonadism –gynecomastia –amenorrhea –menarche –thelarche 7-20

21. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.2 Patient History, Problems, Complaints Conditions of the pancreas –hypoglycemic –pancreatalgia –polydipsia –polyphagia –polyuria 7-21

22. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.2 Patient History, Problems, Complaints Conditions of the pituitary gland –acromegaly –pituitary gigantism –pituitary dwarfism –galactorrhea 7-22

23. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.2 Patient History, Problems, Complaints Conditions of the thyroid gland –thyromegaly, thyrocele, goiter –thyroptosis –exophthalmos –myxedema 7-23

24. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.3 Observation and Discovery Evaluating abnormalities –Blood tests –Urine analysis 7-24

25. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.3 Observation and Discovery Conditions of the blood related to sugar –hypoglycemia –euglycemia –hyperglycemia Conditions of blood related to electrolytes –chloremia –hypercalcemia –hyperkalemia –hypernatremia –hyperphosphatemia 7-25

26. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.3 Observation and Discovery Conditions of blood related to acid/base balance –acidemia –alkalemia Conditions of blood related to cholesterol and fats –hypercholesterolemia –hyperlipidemia Miscellaneous condition of blood –uremia 7-26

27. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.3 Observation and Discovery Conditions of the urine related to abnormalities of the endocrine system –calciuria –glucosuria –ketonuria –polyuria 7-27

28. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.3 Observation and Discovery Hormone originating from the anterior pituitary gland –adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Hormones originating from the adrenal gland –Adrenal medulla adrenaline, epinephrine –Adrenal cortex glucocorticoid 7-28

29. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.3 Observation and Discovery Hormones originating from the pancreas –glucagon –insulin 7-29

30. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.3 Observation and Discovery Condition of the adrenal gland –adrenomegaly Condition of the thyroid gland –euthyroid Conditions of glucose –gluconeogenesis –glycolysis –glycopenia Condition of the gonad –gonadogenesis 7-30

31. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.3 Observation and Discovery Professional terms –Related to anatomy endocrine exocrine –Specialists endocrinologist –Diagnostic terms glycemic index ketogenesis 7-31

32. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.4 Diagnosis and Pathology Problems occur with oversecretion or undersecretion of a hormone –Tumors –Inflammation Oversecretion –hyper- Undersecretion –hypo- 7-32

33. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.4 Diagnosis and Pathology Conditions related to a gland in general –adenitis –adenocarcinoma –adenoma –adenopathy –polyadenopathy –adenosis 7-33

34. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.4 Diagnosis and Pathology General terms associated with conditions of the endocrine system –dysmetabolic syndrome –ketosis –thymoma 7-34

35. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.4 Diagnosis and Pathology Conditions of the adrenal gland –adrenalitis –adrenal adenoma –adrenocortical carcinoma –adrenal insufficiency –adrenocortical insufficiency –adrenocorticohyperplasia –congenital adrenal hyperplasia 7-35

36. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.4 Diagnosis and Pathology Conditions of the pancreas –pancreatitis –pancreatolithiasis –pancreatolith –pancreatic pseudocyst Conditions caused by a malfunctioning pancreas –diabetes mellitus –diabetic ketoacidosis 7-36

37. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.4 Diagnosis and Pathology Conditions of the pituitary gland –hyperpituitarism –hypopituitarism –panhypopituitarism –hypophysitis –pituitary adenoma –pituitary infarction 7-37

38. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.4 Diagnosis and Pathology Conditions of the thyroid gland –hyperthyroidism –hypothyroidism –thyroiditis –thyrotoxicosis Conditions of the parathyroid gland –hyperparathyroidism –hypoparathyroidism –parathyroidoma 7-38

39. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.5 Treatments and Therapies Focus the treatment plan on correcting abnormal hormone levels If hormone level is too low, administer the hormone If hormone level is too high, take action to lower it –Medication that destroys part of the gland –Surgical removal of the gland 7-39

40. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.5 Treatments and Therapies Surgical removal of the gland –adenectomy –thymectomy –adrenalectomy –laparascopic adrenalectomy –pancreatectomy –hypophysectomy –parathyroidectomy –thyroidectomy –thyroparathyroidectomy 7-40

41. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.5 Treatments and Therapies Methods to treat endocrine problems –ketogenic diet –continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion –thyroidotomy –thyroidotoxin –pancreatolithectomy 7-41

42. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.5 Treatments and Therapies Methods to diagnose endocrine problems –cholangiopancreatography –endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography –thyroid function tests 7-42

43. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.6 Abbreviations Related to anatomy –ACTH –GH –TSH –T3 –T4 7-43

44. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.6 Abbreviations Related to diagnostic procedures and measurements –BS –CGM –FBS –GTT –HgA1C –TFT –ERCP 7-44

45. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.6 Abbreviations Related to endocrine conditions –DI –DM –IDDM –NIDDM Related to treatment for endocrine conditions –CSII –HRT 7-45

46. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.7 Electronic Health Records 7-46

47. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.7 Electronic Health Records 7-47

48. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.7 Electronic Health Records 7-48

49. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 7.1Identify the roots/word parts associated with the endocrine system. 7.2Translate the Subjective terms associated with the endocrine system. 7.3Translate the Objective terms associated with the endocrine system. 7.4Translate the Assessment terms associated with the endocrine system. 7-49 Learning Outcomes

50. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Learning Outcomes 7.5Translate the Plan terms associated with the endocrine system. 7.6Use abbreviations associated with the endocrine system. 7.7 Distinguish terms associated with the endocrine system in the context of electronic health records. 7-50