1. Study your brain diagrams. You should be able to label the different sections of the brain. We will have a quiz in 5-10 min. Do Now: Parts of the brain

2. Brain Pop The Brain

3. Homework and Announcements Due on Monday 23, 2015 No USA TestPrep – Fall Interim on Thursday. GIZMO: Rainfall and Bird Beaks Print out and complete all questions and activities The Puzzle of Life’s Discovery Packet Test and notebook check on Monday 23, 2015 – STUDY!! Evidence of evolution, the brain, Darwin’s voyage and his findings

4. Title: Darwin– chapter 16 Darwin developed a scientific theory of biological evolution that explains how modern organisms evolved over long periods of time through descent from common ancestors Darwin was born in 1809 and began his journey in 1831 on the HMS Beagle

5. Observations Aboard The Beagle Darwin didn’t just observe species, he thought about them in scientific ways and noticed Species vary globally Species vary locally Species vary over time Different species inhabit separate, but ecologically similar habitats

6. Observations Aboard The Beagle Darwin also noticed that different, yet related animal species occupied different habitats within a local area All his observations were conducted between Australia, South America, and Africa (and of course, the Galapagos)

7. Observations Aboard The Beagle Darwin also noticed that some fossils of extinct animals were similar to living species – the Glyptodont and the Armadillo All of this evidence suggested that species are not fixed, but that they change by some kind of natural process which we know today as _______________. Natural Selection

8. Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking Hutton and Lyell, two geologists, concluded that Earth is extremely old and the processes that changed Earth in the past are still operating in the present Went against the idea that Earth was only a few thousand years old

9. An Ancient, Changing Earth Hutton introduced deep time: our planet’s history is older than we can imagine. He reached this conclusion by his observations of: The layers of rocks in mountains, valleys, and even volcanic molten lava Rain, wind, heat and cold take a long time to shape rock

10. An Ancient, Changing Earth Lyell believed in uniformitarianism – laws are constant over time (what happens now, happened then) Darwin read Lyell’s book and observed an earthquake push rock from the sea out – if Earth was old, and the same things happened, could life have changed too?

11. Lamarck’s Evolutionary Hypothesis Lamarck suggested that species decide what part of themselves to use / not use, and these traits were passed on to offspring Published the year Darwin was born, 1809

12. Lamarck’s Evolutionary Hypothesis He suggested that if we wanted longer legs, we simply had to wish or stretch for them and it would happen – acquired characteristics Then, we passed then on to our children – inherited acquired characteristics Crazy ideas! But he was the first to suggest we changed according to our environment – essential for people like Darwin to come up with evidence!

13. Population Growth Malthus had suggested that we can’t grow unchecked because there won’t be enough space for everyone – we were limited by war, famine and disease Darwin linked this to other organisms and reasoned this must be the reason why only certain individuals survive and reproduce

14. Artificial Selection Variations cause some animals to be more productive than others – we choose the best and breed those to make sure those variations become permanent. Darwin didn’t understand where these variations came from, but he knew this would cause changes in the species

15. Darwin Presents His Case Darwin did not publish his ideas immediately for fear of being ridiculed, until he found out Wallace was about to publish something very similar

16. Evolution by Natural Selection The struggle for existence: more are born than can survive, and must compete for resources Those with the best adaptations (body part, color, function or behavior) survive and reproduce – have high fitness

17. Evolution by Natural Selection Natural selection occurs in any situation in which More individuals are born that can survive (survival of the fittest) There is natural heritable variation (variation and adaptation) There is variable fitness among individuals (survival of the fittest)

18. Evolution by Natural Selection Natural selection doesn’t make “perfect” organisms- just good enough to survive in their environments If the environment changes, adaptations can change also… so long as it’s not too fast of a change

19. CUTENESS!!!

20. Common Descent As generations progress, we get species evolving into new species – descent with modification The principle of common descent is that all living and extinct species are descended from ancient common ancestors The tree of life

21. Tree of Life It’s not about “humans evolving from chimps” or “turtles evolving from seaweed”. That didn’t happen. However, we have found evidence that all living things have common ancestors. These ancestors were the trigger for all life on earth. The primordial soup that produced the oxygen and DNA for the diverse life that we see today.

22. Independent Work Write a brief summary of the ideas that influence Darwin as he developed the theory of evolution through natural selection. Get with your group and finish the Affects on the Brain posters (presentations…?) Did your group finish before everyone else? Work on your Darwin’s Voyage packet.