1. I. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

2. Teacher Responsibilities Monitor growth and development Select objectives based on knowledge of growth and development.

3. Definitions Growth: Change in body size--more cells Development: Change in child’s level of functioning Maturation: Rate of progress toward a mature state Experience: External, environmental variables that may alter the child’s G & D.

4. Age Periods Infancy: Birth to 1 Yr. Childhood: 1 Yr to adolescence (11-13) Adolescence: Sexual Maturity--onset of secondary sex characteristics –boys: age 10-22, Usually 13-14 –girls: age 8-19, Usually 11-12

5. Body Size Standard height and weight Hydrostatic skinfold measurements Body Size is a better indicator of performance than gender. Boys though, are socialized for activity already at a very young age

7. Somatotypes Endomorph=Round, excessive fat.... Mesomorph=Prominent and sharp contours, mostly muscle, bone, and connective tissue. Ectomorph=lean, thin, little muscle. All need to develop motor skills and physical fitness.

9. Body Proportions Girls: relatively wider hips to shoulders during childhood. Boys: exactly opposite....mechanical advantage for throwing. This does not mean that girls cannot throw. After puberty, boys develop longer legs relative to their trunk compared to girls.

12. Overall Development Optimal periods: Most gain for the least effort When rapid development and organization are taking place in the brain and nervous system. Trying to speed up maturation is difficult because it is genetically controlled.

14. Children and Exercise Introduction: Muscles in action use fuel (glycogen and oxygen) and produce heat. Children should drink freely during exercise and activity.

15. Cardiovascular Response to Exercise Heart Rate: –Age 6: 87b/m –Age 13: boys: 66 girls: 70 Maximum Heart Rate = 220 minus age. Exercise lowers resting heart rate. Blood Pressure: –Increases slightly during childhood and adolescence (110/75) –Girls will be slightly lower than boys –Exercise lowers blood pressure Maximal Aerobic Power: –VO2 Max--avg person uses 40-50 ml/kg body weight/min –Maximal aerobic power is 80% determined by genetics.

16. Children have lower hemoglobin concentration in their blood than adults and therefore tire more easily. Response to Exercise: –Heart Rate increases with intensity of exercise. –Systolic pressure goes up. –Change from steady to rapid respiration = anaerobic threshold –The body cannot keep up with the oxygen demands or waste buildup. FIT –F requency: 3 times / week –I ntensity: (220-age)*0.7 –T ime: 20 minutes in the target range –Recently just 90 minutes of vigorous physical activity for children (9 x 10 minute blocks. Test with a distance run or step test.

19. Muscular Strength and Endurance Muscles are made up of muscle fibers: –Fast twitch: work quickly and briefly without oxygen (anaerobic metabolism) –Slow twitch: Work longer and more slowly with oxygen (aerobic metabolism) Proportion of musculature is genetically determined Proportion of muscles before puberty is same for boys and girls. After puberty, muscle size increases more for boys than for girls

21. Strength Definition: Maximum force applied in one effort Affected by neuromuscular coordination Training: –Before Puberty, testosterone is in limited supply so strength training will have little benefit (except for a VERY weak child) –F: 3x / week –I: 5-10 repetitions--overload principle –T: 3x—some literature says once is efficient Tested with chin- ups

23. Endurance Definition: Performing a movement numerous times at less than maximum contraction. Tested with sit-ups

24. Flexibility Definition: Range of motion at a joint Joint specific Important to warm-up, then stretch, then do activity Stretch slowly, relaxed, and hold for 30 seconds –don’t bounce –watch knees, back, neck Tested with sit-and-reach

25. Other Points Exercise has a positive affect on body composition and bone composition Injuries –When skeleton is developing avoid overuse of certain joints and unnecessary roughness. (ie. too much tennis and baseball will cause calcium deposits at the elbow) –Break of the epiphysis (growth plate) needs to be properly treated.