1. NASA’s Exploration Plan: “Follow the Water” GEOLOGY LIFE CLIMATE Prepare for Human Exploration When Where Form Amount WATER NASA’s Strategy for Mars Exploration

2. Mars Global Surveyor (1997-2006) Global topography (elevation) discovery of recent water-carved gullies First orbiter around Mars since Viking (mid- 1970’s) Recently lost after 10 years of successful operations.

3. Science Package

4. 1997 Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) –Global 500 m resolution grid with < 1 m vertical resolution Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) –Few-meter resolution camera –more than 120,000 released images Thermal Emission Spectrometer –Near-Infrared broadband spectrometer rock, ice, and atmosphere compositions thermal structure of the Martian surface

5. Pre-MGS Global Topography

6. MGS Topography

8. 2011 Mars Science Laboratory

9. 2011 MSL Key Goals Characterize a site that: –was a habitable environment. What does this mean? –is likely to have preserved biosignatures. –can be related to the “Big Picture”.

11. Let’s watch it now!

12. 2009 Mars Science Laboratory

14. Keeping in Mind the Key MSL Goals… Characterize a site that: –was a habitable environment. What does this mean? –is likely to have preserved biosignatures. –can be related to the “Big Picture”.

15. VL1 MPF MER-B VL2 MER-A 2007 Phoenix Where would you land a $2.3B spacecraft?

19. But how can we assess the engineering and safety of the landing sites??

20. GIS to the rescue!

21. Four Finalist Candidate Landing Sites Eberswalde Crater (24°S, 327°E, -1.5 km) contains a clay-bearing delta formed when an ancient river deposited sediment, possibly into a lake. Gale Crater (4.5°S, 137°E, -4.5 km) contains a 5-km sequence of layers that vary from clay-rich materials near the bottom to sulfates at higher elevation. Mawrth Vallis (24°N, 341°E, -2.2 km) exposes layers within Mars’ surface with differing mineralogy, including at least two kinds of clays. Holden Crater (26°S, 325°E, -1.9 km) has alluvial fans, flood deposits, possible lake beds, and clay- rich sediment.