1. Unit 2: Cell Transport Objectives: 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. – Surface area-to-volume ratios affect a biological system’s ability to obtain necessary resources or eliminate waste products 2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. 2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. 2.B.3: Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that partition the cell into specialized regions. 4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule. 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.

2. Unit 2: Cell Transport Warm-UP: Homeostasis is the effort by life to stay the same even when the environment is changing. Think of an example: What does your body do to maintain homeostasis? Homework: 10 Key Ideas: Section 5.3

3. Unit 2: Cell Transport Big Idea: Cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane made of phospholipids and proteins whose structure determines how cells exchange matter with the environment. Homeostasis (staying the same when the environment is changing) is maintained by the constant movement of molecules across the cell membrane. To maximize homeostasis with minimum energy investment, organisms use: simple diffusion (osmosis); surface area to volume ratio; facilitated diffusion; active transport; or endo/exocytosis.

4. Cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane made of phospholipids whose structure determines how cells exchange matter with the environment. The 4 Biomolecules: a molecule made by a living thing 1.protein– ex: hemoglobin, actin, pepsin, glut-4 transporter 2.carbohydrate– sugars and starch 3.nucleic acid– DNA and RNA 4.lipid– fats, phospholipid

5. Cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane made of phospholipids whose structure determines how cells exchange matter with the environment. Lipid hydrophobic and nonsoluble: dominated by hydrocarbon chains non-ionic and nonpolar covalent bonds cannot form hydrogen bonds with water exhibit equal or near equal sharing of e- 2 Types: 1.fats long term storage glycerol head, 3 fatty acid tails high potential energy bonds (lots of C-H bonds) saturated (most potential energy): maximum number of C-H bonds; no C-C double bonds unsaturated (less potential energy): some C-C double bonds, so less C-H bonds 2.phospholipid amphipathic: half hydrophobic, half hydrophilic glycerol head, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), phosphate group (hydrophilic) make up the cell membrane: a “bilayer”

6. Cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane made of phospholipids whose structure determines how cells exchange matter with the environment. Lipid hydrophobic and nonsoluble: dominated by hydrocarbon chains non-ionic and nonpolar covalent bonds cannot form hydrogen bonds with water exhibit equal or near equal sharing of e- 2 Types: 1.fats long term storage glycerol head, 3 fatty acid tails high potential energy bonds (lots of C-H bonds) saturated (most potential energy): maximum number of C-H bonds; no C-C double bonds unsaturated (less potential energy): some C-C double bonds, so less C-H bonds 2.phospholipid amphipathic: half hydrophobic, half hydrophilic glycerol head, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), phosphate group (hydrophilic) make up the cell membrane: a “bilayer” fatty acid: saturated

7. Cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane made of phospholipids whose structure determines how cells exchange matter with the environment. fatty acid: saturated Can you make this unsaturated? Lipid hydrophobic and nonsoluble: dominated by hydrocarbon chains non-ionic and nonpolar covalent bonds cannot form hydrogen bonds with water exhibit equal or near equal sharing of e- 2 Types: 1.fats long term storage glycerol head, 3 fatty acid tails high potential energy bonds (lots of C-H bonds) saturated (most potential energy): maximum number of C-H bonds; no C-C double bonds unsaturated (less potential energy): some C-C double bonds, so less C-H bonds 2.phospholipid amphipathic: half hydrophobic, half hydrophilic glycerol head, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), phosphate group (hydrophilic) make up the cell membrane: a “bilayer”

8. Cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane made of phospholipids whose structure determines how cells exchange matter with the environment. glycerol Lipid hydrophobic and nonsoluble: dominated by hydrocarbon chains non-ionic and nonpolar covalent bonds cannot form hydrogen bonds with water exhibit equal or near equal sharing of e- 2 Types: 1.fats long term storage glycerol head, 3 fatty acid tails high potential energy bonds (lots of C-H bonds) saturated (most potential energy): maximum number of C-H bonds; no C-C double bonds unsaturated (less potential energy): some C-C double bonds, so less C-H bonds 2.phospholipid amphipathic: half hydrophobic, half hydrophilic glycerol head, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), phosphate group (hydrophilic) make up the cell membrane: a “bilayer”

9. Cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane made of phospholipids whose structure determines how cells exchange matter with the environment.

10. Lipid hydrophobic and nonsoluble: dominated by hydrocarbon chains non-ionic and nonpolar covalent bonds cannot form hydrogen bonds with water exhibit equal or near equal sharing of e- 2 Types: 1.fats long term storage glycerol head, 3 fatty acid tails high potential energy bonds (lots of C-H bonds) saturated (most potential energy): maximum number of C-H bonds; no C-C double bonds unsaturated (less potential energy): some C-C double bonds, so less C-H bonds 2.phospholipid amphipathic: half hydrophobic, half hydrophilic glycerol head, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), phosphate group (hydrophilic) make up the cell membrane: a “bilayer”

11. Warm-UP: Compare the two molecules. Similarities and differences? The phospholipid is called amphipathic (polar and non-polar). Explain how? Why does being amphipathic help it be an ideal molecule for making a cell membrane? Warm-UP: Compare the two molecules. Similarities and differences? The phospholipid is called amphipathic (polar and non-polar). Explain how? Why does being amphipathic help it be an ideal molecule for making a cell membrane? POGIL: Cell Membranes

12. Cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane made of phospholipids whose structure determines how cells exchange matter with the environment. Lipid hydrophobic and nonsoluble: dominated by hydrocarbon chains non-ionic and nonpolar covalent bonds cannot form hydrogen bonds with water exhibit equal or near equal sharing of e- 2 Types: 1.fats long term storage glycerol head, 3 fatty acid tails high potential energy bonds (lots of C-H bonds) saturated (most potential energy): maximum number of C-H bonds; no C-C double bonds unsaturated (less potential energy): some C-C double bonds, so less C-H bonds 2.phospholipid amphipathic: half hydrophobic, half hydrophilic glycerol head, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), phosphate group (hydrophilic) make up the cell membrane: a “bilayer”

13. Cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane made of phospholipids whose structure determines how cells exchange matter with the environment. Lipid hydrophobic and nonsoluble: dominated by hydrocarbon chains non-ionic and nonpolar covalent bonds cannot form hydrogen bonds with water exhibit equal or near equal sharing of e- 2 Types: 1.fats long term storage glycerol head, 3 fatty acid tails high potential energy bonds (lots of C-H bonds) saturated (most potential energy): maximum number of C-H bonds; no C-C double bonds unsaturated (less potential energy): some C-C double bonds, so less C-H bonds 2.phospholipid amphipathic: half hydrophobic, half hydrophilic glycerol head, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), phosphate group (hydrophilic) make up the cell membrane: a “bilayer”

14. Cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane made of phospholipids whose structure determines how cells exchange matter with the environment. O -O-P=O O

15. Cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane made of phospholipids whose structure determines how cells exchange matter with the environment. Lipid hydrophobic and nonsoluble: dominated by hydrocarbon chains non-ionic and nonpolar covalent bonds cannot form hydrogen bonds with water exhibit equal or near equal sharing of e- 2 Types: 1.fats long term storage glycerol head, 3 fatty acid tails high potential energy bonds (lots of C-H bonds) saturated (most potential energy): maximum number of C-H bonds; no C-C double bonds unsaturated (less potential energy): some C-C double bonds, so less C-H bonds 2.phospholipid amphipathic: half hydrophobic, half hydrophilic glycerol head, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), phosphate group (hydrophilic) make up the cell membrane: a “bilayer”

16. Cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane made of phospholipids whose structure determines how cells exchange matter with the environment. Lipid hydrophobic and nonsoluble: dominated by hydrocarbon chains non-ionic and nonpolar covalent bonds cannot form hydrogen bonds with water exhibit equal or near equal sharing of e- 2 Types: 1.fats long term storage glycerol head, 3 fatty acid tails high potential energy bonds (lots of C-H bonds) saturated (most potential energy): maximum number of C-H bonds; no C-C double bonds unsaturated (less potential energy): some C-C double bonds, so less C-H bonds 2.phospholipid amphipathic: half hydrophobic, half hydrophilic glycerol head, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), phosphate group (hydrophilic) make up the cell membrane: a “bilayer”

17. Cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane made of phospholipids whose structure determines how cells exchange matter with the environment. Lipid hydrophobic and nonsoluble: dominated by hydrocarbon chains non-ionic and nonpolar covalent bonds cannot form hydrogen bonds with water exhibit equal or near equal sharing of e- 2 Types: 1.fats long term storage glycerol head, 3 fatty acid tails high potential energy bonds (lots of C-H bonds) saturated (most potential energy): maximum number of C-H bonds; no C-C double bonds unsaturated (less potential energy): some C-C double bonds, so less C-H bonds 2.phospholipid amphipathic: half hydrophobic, half hydrophilic glycerol head, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), phosphate group (hydrophilic) make up the cell membrane: a “bilayer”

18. Cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane made of phospholipids whose structure determines how cells exchange matter with the environment. Lipid hydrophobic and nonsoluble: dominated by hydrocarbon chains non-ionic and nonpolar covalent bonds cannot form hydrogen bonds with water exhibit equal or near equal sharing of e- 2 Types: 1.fats long term storage glycerol head, 3 fatty acid tails high potential energy bonds (lots of C-H bonds) saturated (most potential energy): maximum number of C-H bonds; no C-C double bonds unsaturated (less potential energy): some C-C double bonds, so less C-H bonds 2.phospholipid amphipathic: half hydrophobic, half hydrophilic glycerol head, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), phosphate group (hydrophilic) make up the cell membrane: a “bilayer”

19. Cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane made of phospholipids whose structure determines how cells exchange matter with the environment. Lipid hydrophobic and nonsoluble: dominated by hydrocarbon chains non-ionic and nonpolar covalent bonds cannot form hydrogen bonds with water exhibit equal or near equal sharing of e- 2 Types: 1.fats long term storage glycerol head, 3 fatty acid tails high potential energy bonds (lots of C-H bonds) saturated (most potential energy): maximum number of C-H bonds; no C-C double bonds unsaturated (less potential energy): some C-C double bonds, so less C-H bonds 2.phospholipid amphipathic: half hydrophobic, half hydrophilic glycerol head, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), phosphate group (hydrophilic) make up the cell membrane: a “bilayer”

20. Warm-UP What would happen to the red dye molecules over time if you added energy to them? Explain POGIL: Cell Membranes: I will collect this tomorrow! You have today to ask questions DUE NEXT MONDAY: Test Make-UP DUE Thursday: Modeling Diffusion

21. Homeostasis (staying the same when the environment is changing) is maintained by the constant movement of molecules across the cell membrane. Diffusion: the constant movement of molecules increases with increased input of energy “never” stops: all matter has “some” energy Entropy: aka “Chaos Theory” the tendency of order to become disorganized as molecules diffuse, they will bump into eachother the “bumping” causes an energy transfer (one slows down, the other speeds up) more bumping causes molecules to eventually bounce away from each other eventually the molecules will “maximize” disorder (get as spread out as possible)

22. Homeostasis (staying the same when the environment is changing) is maintained by the constant movement of molecules across the cell membrane. Diffusion: the constant movement of molecules increases with increased input of energy “never” stops: all matter has “some” energy Entropy: aka “Chaos Theory” the tendency of order to become disorganized as molecules diffuse, they will bump into eachother the “bumping” causes an energy transfer (one slows down, the other speeds up) more bumping causes molecules to eventually bounce away from each other eventually the molecules will “maximize” disorder (get as spread out as possible)

23. Warm-UP: Imagine 10 minutes into the future for the picture below. Predict how the OUTSIDE of the cell will change AND how the INSIDE will change. Explain. DUE NOW: None HOMEWORK Thursday in Class: 10 Key Ideas: 7.2 Thursday Night: Modeling Diffusion Monday: Unit 1 Test Make Up

24. Cell Membranes are Semipermeable semipermeable: a “barrier” that allows some molecules to diffuse pass, but not all Permeable Molecules: small nonpolar Impermeable Molecules: ionic large polar need an integral protein (doors) to leave or enter Permeability: how likely a molecule is to pass through the membrane can be increased (not often) (a few classes of hormones) shape change in order to match the membranes polarity can be decreased size is increased due to bonding to other molecules example: water is normally permeable, but when bonded to a solute it becomes “bigger” so is now less permeable solvents: water solute: hydrophilic molecules that dissolve in water Homeostasis (staying the same when the environment is changing) is maintained by the constant movement of molecules across the cell membrane.

25. Cell Membranes are Semipermeable semipermeable: a “barrier” that allows some molecules to diffuse pass, but not all Permeable Molecules: small nonpolar Impermeable Molecules: ionic large polar need an integral protein (doors) to leave or enter Permeability: how likely a molecule is to pass through the membrane can be increased (not often) (a few classes of hormones) shape change in order to match the membranes polarity can be decreased size is increased due to bonding to other molecules example: water is normally permeable, but when bonded to a solute it becomes “bigger” so is now less permeable solvents: water solute: hydrophilic molecules that dissolve in water

26. Homeostasis (staying the same when the environment is changing) is maintained by the constant movement of molecules across the cell membrane. Cell Membranes are Semipermeable semipermeable: a “barrier” that allows some molecules to diffuse pass, but not all Permeable Molecules: small nonpolar Impermeable Molecules: ionic large polar need an integral protein (doors) to leave or enter Permeability: how likely a molecule is to pass through the membrane can be increased (not often) (a few classes of hormones) shape change in order to match the membranes polarity can be decreased size is increased due to bonding to other molecules example: water is normally permeable, but when bonded to a solute it becomes “bigger” so is now less permeable solvents: water solute: hydrophilic molecules that dissolve in water

27. Homeostasis (staying the same when the environment is changing) is maintained by the constant movement of molecules across the cell membrane. Cell Membranes are Semipermeable semipermeable: a “barrier” that allows some molecules to diffuse pass, but not all Permeable Molecules: small nonpolar Impermeable Molecules: ionic large polar need an integral protein (doors) to leave or enter Permeability: how likely a molecule is to pass through the membrane can be increased (not often) (a few classes of hormones) shape change in order to match the membranes polarity can be decreased size is increased due to bonding to other molecules example: water is normally permeable, but when bonded to a solute it becomes “bigger” so is now less permeable solvents: water solute: hydrophilic molecules that dissolve in water

28. Whiteboard Draw a “before”, then let entropy maximize and draw (by predicting) the “after” Label your molecules (O2, CO2, hemoglogin, phospholipid, hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail) Be ready to explain: 1.Describe the movement of the molecules. Use terms: entropy, diffusion 2.How the cell membrane affects the molecule’s movement? 3.How does the environment affect the change (before vs after)? Draw a “before”, then let entropy maximize and draw (by predicting) the “after” Label your molecules (O2, CO2, hemoglogin, phospholipid, hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail) Be ready to explain: 1.Describe the movement of the molecules. Use terms: entropy, diffusion 2.How the cell membrane affects the molecule’s movement? 3.How does the environment affect the change (before vs after)? Teams: 1.blood cell with NO hemoglobin AND NO O2 inside, but a lot of O2 outside 2.blood cell with hemoglobin AND no O2 inside, but a lot of O2 outside 3.blood cell with NO CO2 outside, but a lot of CO2 inside 4.muscle cell near a “new” blood cell (lots of O2) 5.blood cell near an active muscle cell 6.blood cell near lungs (before and after arrival) Teams: 1.blood cell with NO hemoglobin AND NO O2 inside, but a lot of O2 outside 2.blood cell with hemoglobin AND no O2 inside, but a lot of O2 outside 3.blood cell with NO CO2 outside, but a lot of CO2 inside 4.muscle cell near a “new” blood cell (lots of O2) 5.blood cell near an active muscle cell 6.blood cell near lungs (before and after arrival)

29. Warm-UP: A sailor lost at sea died of dehydration. But she was surrounded by water! Why didn’t she just drink the ocean? See if you can use the picture below to help your explanation. Homework: DUE Tonight: Modeling Diffusion DUE Monday: “Before” drawings for your lab handout and Unit 1 Test Make UP DUE NOW: 7.2

30. Homeostasis (staying the same when the environment is changing) is maintained by the constant movement of molecules across the cell membrane. Permeability: how likely a molecule is to pass through the membrane can be increased (not often) (a few classes of hormones) shape change in order to match the membranes polarity can be decreased size is increased due to bonding to other molecules example: water is normally permeable, but when bonded to a solute it becomes “bigger” so is now less permeable solution: solvent + solute solvents: water solute: hydrophilic molecules that dissolve in water Movement is affected by other molecules in the environment: tonicity: concentration of solute in the water hypotonic: less solute concentration compared to another place hypertonic: more solute concentration compared to another place isotonic: equal solute concentration compared to another place

31. Homeostasis (staying the same when the environment is changing) is maintained by the constant movement of molecules across the cell membrane. Permeability: how likely a molecule is to pass through the membrane can be increased (not often) (a few classes of hormones) shape change in order to match the membranes polarity can be decreased size is increased due to bonding to other molecules example: water is normally permeable, but when bonded to a solute it becomes “bigger” so is now less permeable solution: solvent + solute solvents: water solute: hydrophilic molecules that dissolve in water Movement is affected by other molecules in the environment: tonicity: concentration of solute in the water hypotonic: less solute concentration compared to another place hypertonic: more solute concentration compared to another place isotonic: equal solute concentration compared to another place

32. Homeostasis (staying the same when the environment is changing) is maintained by the constant movement of molecules across the cell membrane. Permeability: how likely a molecule is to pass through the membrane can be increased (not often) (a few classes of hormones) shape change in order to match the membranes polarity can be decreased size is increased due to bonding to other molecules example: water is normally permeable, but when bonded to a solute it becomes “bigger” so is now less permeable solution: solvent + solute solvents: water solute: hydrophilic molecules that dissolve in water Movement is affected by other molecules in the environment: tonicity: concentration of solute in the water hypotonic: less solute concentration compared to another place hypertonic: more solute concentration compared to another place isotonic: equal solute concentration compared to another place

33. Homeostasis (staying the same when the environment is changing) is maintained by the constant movement of molecules across the cell membrane. Permeability: how likely a molecule is to pass through the membrane can be increased (not often) (a few classes of hormones) shape change in order to match the membranes polarity can be decreased size is increased due to bonding to other molecules example: water is normally permeable, but when bonded to a solute it becomes “bigger” so is now less permeable solution: solvent + solute solvents: water solute: hydrophilic molecules that dissolve in water Movement is affected by other molecules in the environment: tonicity: concentration of solute in the water hypotonic: less solute concentration compared to another place hypertonic: more solute concentration compared to another place isotonic: equal solute concentration compared to another place

34. Lab: Modeling Osmosis With Differing Solutes Procedure: 1.Choose 4 pairs of different solutions. Pair: Pick 1 solution for the “inside of the cell” and another for the “environment” 2.For your 1 st pair, make a dialysis tubing cell by tying a knot in one end of approximately 20 cm pieces of tubing. 3.Fill each “cell” with 7 mL of the solution you choose for the inside. 4.Knot the other end. Approximately ½ your cell should be empty so that pressure ( p ) does not affect the movement of molecules. 5.Mass each cell. Record Mass Day 1. 6.Place each cell entirely into a 250 mL beaker filled with enough of the 2 nd solution to cover the cell completely. 7.Label your beaker. 8.Repeat for your other 3 pairs. 9.STOP HERE. Clean up. Homework: DRAW YOUR “BEFORE” PICTURES. 10.Remove your cell. DRY GENTLY so that pressure ( p ) does not affect the movement of molecules. 11.Mass each cell. Record Mass Day ___. 12.Do math. 13.Clean Up: liquids down the drain, garbage in the garbage, beakers washed/rinsed and in the cabinets

35. Warm-UP: 1.What would happen to the mass of this cell? 2.How would increasing the salt concentration on the outside affect the rate of change in mass? Due NOW: Unit 1 Test Make UP; “Before” Lab Drawings Homework: Lab Worksheet

36. Homework: Water Potential Practice Problems Warm-UP: 1.Compare your data. Do you all agree? 2.Compare your drawings. Do you have differences?

37. Whiteboard Pick ONE of your 4 SET-Ups. Draw “microscope” view of before and after Include data: rate of change Questions: 1.Which molecules do you suspect were permeable to the membrane? What evidence do you have? 2.Why does water move in/out of your model cell? Use evidence 3.What happens to model cells that are in a hypo/hyper/isotonic solution?

38. Whiteboard: Expectations: Press your classmates with supportive questioning: “Could you tell me about …?” Paraphrase: “What I hear you saying is…?” Be ready to present. I will call on people at random. Be ready to answer.

39. Goal Setting Write a goal statement for your participation in class discussion: Example: – I typically do BE SPECIFIC. – Because of this, I would like to improve by BE SPECIFIC. Reflection: – Today, I worked on my goal by doing BE SPECIFIC. Exemplary Asks clarifying questions of classmates without teacher help Paraphrases classmates ideas without teacher help Participation does not dominate the conversation. Proficient Asks clarifying questions of classmates but needs teacher help Paraphrases classmates ideas but needs teacher help Participation sometimes dominates the conversation. Basic Volunteers, but only to answer teacher questions and ideas. Participation is infrequent. Below basic Only answers questions when called on by the teacher. Participation is infrequent.

40. Homework: 7.3 Key Ideas p.768-771 10 Key Ideas Exit Question: 1.Calculate the rate of change 2.Draw the cell after based on your calculations.

41. Warm-UP: Water potential is a way you can use math to determine whether water will move IN or OUT of a cell. It is due to two factors: solute concentration AND pressure. Do you think the cell below is more likely to lose water (have a positive water potential) or gain water (have a negative water potential)? How do you think putting pressure on the cell might change your answer? Tonight’s Homework: Effort Stamp for Water Potential handout Due NOW: Lab Worksheet 10 Key Ideas

42. Homeostasis (staying the same when the environment is changing) is maintained by the constant movement of molecules across the cell membrane. water potential: measures the tendency of water to move inverse relationship: more positive= less potential= water moves away more negative= more potential = water moves towards water moves to areas that have more negative water potential dependent on solutes: more solutes, more negative hypertonic IN, then water will move IN: causes lysis in animal cells causes turgidity in plant cells (due to their cell wall) hypertonic OUT, then water will move OUT: causes shriveled animal cells causes plasmolysis in plant cells pressure: more pressure, more positive more pressure IN, then water will move OUT more pressure OUT, then water will move IN

43. Homeostasis (staying the same when the environment is changing) is maintained by the constant movement of molecules across the cell membrane. water potential: measures the tendency of water to move inverse relationship: more positive= less potential= water moves away more negative= more potential = water moves towards water moves to areas that have more negative water potential dependent on solutes: more solutes, more negative hypertonic IN, then water will move IN: causes lysis in animal cells causes turgidity in plant cells (due to their cell wall) hypertonic OUT, then water will move OUT: causes shriveled animal cells causes plasmolysis in plant cells pressure: more pressure, more positive more pressure IN, then water will move OUT more pressure OUT, then water will move IN

44. Homeostasis (staying the same when the environment is changing) is maintained by the constant movement of molecules across the cell membrane. water potential: Example: 1.A plant cell has a solute potential of -4.2 bars. It has a pressure potential of 2.0 bars. What is its water potential? 2.If the plant cell from #1 is placed in an environment with a solute potential of -2.0 bars, which way will water move? IN or OUT? 3.Will the cell from #2 become turgid, flaccid, or plasmolyzed? Explain 4.Explain why the cell didn’t lyse. Use data and the picture to explain.

45. Homeostasis (staying the same when the environment is changing) is maintained by the constant movement of molecules across the cell membrane. solute potential: solute potential can be calculated: i= ionization constant (1.0 for sucrose; 2.0 for salt) C =molar concentration R= 0.0831 T= temperature in K (C + 273) Example: 1.A plant cell at 25C has a sucrose molar concentration of 0.15. What is its solute potential? If it’s pressure potential is 1.0, what is its water potential? 2.The cell from #1 is placed in an environment that has a sucrose molar concentration of 0.3. What is the solute potential of the environment? 3.Will water move IN or OUT of the plant cell? Explain.

46. Warm-UP: Explain what happened to the plant cell shown. Tonight’s Homework: Effort Stamp for 2 nd Water Potential handout Unit 2 Test: October 28 th (Wed) DUE NOW: Effort Stamp for 1 st Water Potential handout

47. Lab: A Sweet Test: Potatoes vs Yams Procedure 1.Cut 3 approximately 1cm 3 potato cubes. 2.Mass and record 3.Add enough 0.0M sucrose to a 100mL beaker to submerge the potato cubes. 4.Repeat Steps #1-4, but adding to: 0.2M, 0.4M, 0.6M, 0.8M, and 1.0M sucrose. 5.Repeat #1-5 for yams 6.Clearly label your beakers and place in back of room. 7.STOP here. DUE NOW: Water Potential Practice Problems 2 DUE Mon: Water Potential Practice Problems 3

48. Warm-UP: What can you learn from knowing the point at which the potato is isotonic to a known solution? Homework: Finish Lab Handout Please have your homework out: Water Potential Practice 3; I will post the answers on the glass case (outside my room) after school today

49. Lab: A Sweet Test: Potatoes vs Yams Procedure (continued) 1.Dry potatoes gently, mass, and record again. 2.Clean UP: potatoes and yams in garbage; beakers washed, rinsed, and in cabinet. 3.Do calculations. Graph data. Determine C (x intercept). Calculate solute potential. Share solute potentials with other groups. 4.Homework: Stats and Analysis

50. Warm-UP: Talk to your table team about your lab handout. Did you get the same answers on your stats? This lab is an application question. Do you understand how scientists can use a known (the sucrose solution) in order to solve for an unknown (the sucrose in the potato/yam)? Final questions on the lab? Warm-UP: Talk to your table team about your lab handout. Did you get the same answers on your stats? This lab is an application question. Do you understand how scientists can use a known (the sucrose solution) in order to solve for an unknown (the sucrose in the potato/yam)? Final questions on the lab? DUE: Lab Handout: Potatoes vs Yams Unit 2 Test: Next Wednesday, October 28 Homework: Modeling Cell Size DUE Tomorrow (we will do in class today)

51. Warm-UP: Can you arrange the squares with: 1.As many edges facing out as possible 2.As few of edges facing out as possible Draw and explain: How does shape affect the amount of edges? Warm-UP: Can you arrange the squares with: 1.As many edges facing out as possible 2.As few of edges facing out as possible Draw and explain: How does shape affect the amount of edges? Unit 2 Test: Next Wednesday, October 28 Homework: Cell Size POGIL (we will start in class today)

52. To maximize homeostasis with minimum energy investment, organisms use: simple diffusion (osmosis); surface area to volume ratio; facilitated diffusion; active transport; or endo/exocytosis. Surface Area vs Volume Ratio (SA vs V) as objects (i.e. whole organisms or individual cells) increase in volume, their surface area increases slower example: big squares have more volume than small square, but a lower SA vs V example: elephants have a bigger volume than mice, but a lower SA vs V limits cell size the lower the SA vs V, the slower that diffusion affects cells if O 2 is needed to diffuse in, cells with a low SA vs V are inefficient results in adaptations: to increase SA vs V, organisms change to long and skinny or flat (elephant ears, microvilli in small intestine)

53. To maximize homeostasis with minimum energy investment, organisms use: simple diffusion (osmosis); surface area to volume ratio; facilitated diffusion; active transport; or endo/exocytosis. Surface Area vs Volume Ratio (SA vs V) as objects (i.e. whole organisms or individual cells) increase in volume, their surface area increases slower example: big squares have more volume than small square, but a lower SA vs V example: elephants have a bigger volume than mice, but a lower SA vs V limits cell size the lower the SA vs V, the slower that diffusion affects cells if O 2 is needed to diffuse in, cells with a low SA vs V are inefficient results in adaptations: to increase SA vs V, organisms change to long and skinny or flat (elephant ears, microvilli in small intestine)

54. To maximize homeostasis with minimum energy investment, organisms use: simple diffusion (osmosis); surface area to volume ratio; facilitated diffusion; active transport; or endo/exocytosis. Surface Area vs Volume Ratio (SA vs V) as objects (i.e. whole organisms or individual cells) increase in volume, their surface area increases slower example: big squares have more volume than small square, but a lower SA vs V example: elephants have a bigger volume than mice, but a lower SA vs V limits cell size the lower the SA vs V, the slower that diffusion affects cells if O 2 is needed to diffuse in, cells with a low SA vs V are inefficient results in adaptations: to increase SA vs V, organisms change to long and skinny or flat (elephant ears, microvilli in small intestine)

55. To maximize homeostasis with minimum energy investment, organisms use: simple diffusion (osmosis); surface area to volume ratio; facilitated diffusion; active transport; or endo/exocytosis. Surface Area vs Volume Ratio (SA vs V) as objects (i.e. whole organisms or individual cells) increase in volume, their surface area increases slower example: big squares have more volume than small square, but a lower SA vs V example: elephants have a bigger volume than mice, but a lower SA vs V limits cell size the lower the SA vs V, the slower that diffusion affects cells if O 2 is needed to diffuse in, cells with a low SA vs V are inefficient results in adaptations: to increase SA vs V, organisms change to long and skinny or flat (elephant ears, microvilli in small intestine)

56. To maximize homeostasis with minimum energy investment, organisms use: simple diffusion (osmosis); surface area to volume ratio; facilitated diffusion; active transport; or endo/exocytosis. Surface Area vs Volume Ratio (SA vs V) as objects (i.e. whole organisms or individual cells) increase in volume, their surface area increases slower example: big squares have more volume than small square, but a lower SA vs V example: elephants have a bigger volume than mice, but a lower SA vs V limits cell size the lower the SA vs V, the slower that diffusion affects cells if O 2 is needed to diffuse in, cells with a low SA vs V are inefficient results in adaptations: to increase SA vs V, organisms change to long and skinny or flat (elephant ears, microvilli in small intestine)

57. To maximize homeostasis with minimum energy investment, organisms use: simple diffusion (osmosis); surface area to volume ratio; facilitated diffusion; active transport; or endo/exocytosis. Surface Area vs Volume Ratio (SA vs V) as objects (i.e. whole organisms or individual cells) increase in volume, their surface area increases slower example: big squares have more volume than small square, but a lower SA vs V example: elephants have a bigger volume than mice, but a lower SA vs V limits cell size the lower the SA vs V, the slower that diffusion affects cells if O 2 is needed to diffuse in, cells with a low SA vs V are inefficient results in adaptations: to increase SA vs V, organisms change to long and skinny or flat (elephant ears, microvilli in small intestine)

58. Warm-UP: Notice that the shape of the mouse is as close as it can be to that of a sphere, a shape that produces the minimum amount of surface area. Now notice that the elephant’s skin is covered with wrinkles and the ears are huge and thin, thus increasing the elephant’s surface area. How does each organism’s shape help it maintain homeostasis? Use SA vs V to explain. Unit 2 Test: Next Wed, October 28; Test Review DUE Homework: DUE Tomorrow: 10 Key Ideas: 7.2 AND 7.3 DUE NOW: Cell Size POGIL

59. Warm-UP: 1.Watch the video. Write down THREE Key Ideas. 2.Now turn and talk with your team. Be ready to discuss. Warm-UP: 1.Watch the video. Write down THREE Key Ideas. 2.Now turn and talk with your team. Be ready to discuss. https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=dPKvHrD1eS 4 Unit 2 Test: Next Wed, October 28; Test Review DUE Homework: DUE Tomorrow: 10 Key Ideas: 7.2 AND 7.3 DUE NOW: Cell Size POGIL

60. To maximize homeostasis with minimum energy investment, organisms use: simple diffusion (osmosis); surface area to volume ratio; facilitated diffusion; active transport; or endo/exocytosis. Simple Diffusion (*if water, then called osmosis) as molecules move, those that can move in can be bonded to other molecules that cannot move out ex: O2 and hemoglobin ex: water and salt/sucrose Facilitated Diffusion molecules that are too big to enter on their own can enter through substrate specific integral proteins integral proteins: openings that only fit one substrate ex: aquaporin for water ex: glut-4 transporter for glucose Active Transport some molecules must be pumped against entropy (against their concentration gradient) ex: proton pump “pumping” is the result of an energy transfer that changes the shape of the integral protein creates a concentration gradient advantage: a method for getting “all” of a molecule to a desired location disadvantage: requires energy input

61. To maximize homeostasis with minimum energy investment, organisms use: simple diffusion (osmosis); surface area to volume ratio; facilitated diffusion; active transport; or endo/exocytosis. Simple Diffusion (*if water, then called osmosis) as molecules move, those that can move in can be bonded to other molecules that cannot move out ex: O2 and hemoglobin ex: water and salt/sucrose Facilitated Diffusion molecules that are too big to enter on their own can enter through substrate specific integral proteins integral proteins: openings that only fit one substrate ex: aquaporin for water ex: glut-4 transporter for glucose Active Transport some molecules must be pumped against entropy (against their concentration gradient) ex: proton pump “pumping” is the result of an energy transfer that changes the shape of the integral protein creates a concentration gradient advantage: a method for getting “all” of a molecule to a desired location disadvantage: requires energy input

62. To maximize homeostasis with minimum energy investment, organisms use: simple diffusion (osmosis); surface area to volume ratio; facilitated diffusion; active transport; or endo/exocytosis. Simple Diffusion (*if water, then called osmosis) as molecules move, those that can move in can be bonded to other molecules that cannot move out ex: O2 and hemoglobin ex: water and salt/sucrose Facilitated Diffusion molecules that are too big to enter on their own can enter through substrate specific integral proteins integral proteins: openings that only fit one substrate ex: aquaporin for water ex: glut-4 transporter for glucose Active Transport some molecules must be pumped against entropy (against their concentration gradient) ex: proton pump “pumping” is the result of an energy transfer that changes the shape of the integral protein creates a concentration gradient advantage: a method for getting “all” of a molecule to a desired location disadvantage: requires energy input

63. To maximize homeostasis with minimum energy investment, organisms use: simple diffusion (osmosis); surface area to volume ratio; facilitated diffusion; active transport; or endo/exocytosis. Simple Diffusion (*if water, then called osmosis) as molecules move, those that can move in can be bonded to other molecules that cannot move out ex: O2 and hemoglobin ex: water and salt/sucrose Facilitated Diffusion molecules that are too big to enter on their own can enter through substrate specific integral proteins integral proteins: openings that only fit one substrate ex: aquaporin for water ex: glut-4 transporter for glucose Active Transport some molecules must be pumped against entropy (against their concentration gradient) ex: proton pump “pumping” is the result of an energy transfer that changes the shape of the integral protein creates a concentration gradient advantage: a method for getting “all” of a molecule to a desired location disadvantage: requires energy input

64. To maximize homeostasis with minimum energy investment, organisms use: simple diffusion (osmosis); surface area to volume ratio; facilitated diffusion; active transport; or endo/exocytosis. Simple Diffusion (*if water, then called osmosis) as molecules move, those that can move in can be bonded to other molecules that cannot move out ex: O2 and hemoglobin ex: water and salt/sucrose Facilitated Diffusion molecules that are too big to enter on their own can enter through substrate specific integral proteins integral proteins: openings that only fit one substrate ex: aquaporin for water ex: glut-4 transporter for glucose Active Transport some molecules must be pumped against entropy (against their concentration gradient) ex: proton pump “pumping” is the result of an energy transfer that changes the shape of the integral protein creates a concentration gradient advantage: a method for getting “all” of a molecule to a desired location disadvantage: requires energy input

65. To maximize homeostasis with minimum energy investment, organisms use: simple diffusion (osmosis); surface area to volume ratio; facilitated diffusion; active transport; or endo/exocytosis. Simple Diffusion (*if water, then called osmosis) as molecules move, those that can move in can be bonded to other molecules that cannot move out ex: O2 and hemoglobin ex: water and salt/sucrose Facilitated Diffusion molecules that are too big to enter on their own can enter through substrate specific integral proteins integral proteins: openings that only fit one substrate ex: aquaporin for water ex: glut-4 transporter for glucose Active Transport some molecules must be pumped against entropy (against their concentration gradient) ex: proton pump “pumping” is the result of an energy transfer that changes the shape of the integral protein creates a concentration gradient advantage: a method for getting “all” of a molecule to a desired location disadvantage: requires energy input

66. To maximize homeostasis with minimum energy investment, organisms use: simple diffusion (osmosis); surface area to volume ratio; facilitated diffusion; active transport; or endo/exocytosis. Endo/exocytosis: molecules that are bigger than any integral protein but still must get in/out ex: large food particles, proteins like hormones and neurotransmitters huge investment of energy b.c. of the need to rebuild the phospholipid bilayer http://www.dnatube.com/video/1591/Cell-Membrane-Exocitosis-- Endocitosis

67. To maximize homeostasis with minimum energy investment, organisms use: simple diffusion (osmosis); surface area to volume ratio; facilitated diffusion; active transport; or endo/exocytosis. Endo/exocytosis: molecules that are bigger than any integral protein but still must get in/out ex: large food particles, proteins like hormones and neurotransmitters huge investment of energy b.c. of the need to rebuild the phospholipid bilayer Steps: 1.surround molecule with phospholipid bilayer 2.break in/out of cell 3.release contents into cytoplasm/out to environment 4.rebuild section of phospholipid bilayer http://www.dnatube.com/video/1591/Cell-Membrane-Exocitosis-- Endocitosis

68. Groups: 1.O2 and Hemoglobin: oxygen getting into a red blood cell 2.SA v V: compare diffusion in a long and skinny cell vs a round cell. 3.water, an aquaporin and salt: water entering a plant cell 4.Glut – 4 transporter: allowing glucose from blood into muscle cells 5.proton pump and ATP: moving protons in against their concentration gradient in order to establish a membrane potential 6.exocytosis: getting rid of destroyed virus particles Groups: 1.O2 and Hemoglobin: oxygen getting into a red blood cell 2.SA v V: compare diffusion in a long and skinny cell vs a round cell. 3.water, an aquaporin and salt: water entering a plant cell 4.Glut – 4 transporter: allowing glucose from blood into muscle cells 5.proton pump and ATP: moving protons in against their concentration gradient in order to establish a membrane potential 6.exocytosis: getting rid of destroyed virus particles Questions: 1.What molecules moved and how? Describe this process. 2.Explain the energy demands on the cell. 3.How did the cell maintain homeostasis while minimizing energy demands? Whiteboard: Draw a microscope view. Add labels

69. Warm-UP: 1.The proton pump uses energy. Why does it need energy? 2.Compare sucrose cotransporter and the proton pump. Same and different? Warm-UP: 1.The proton pump uses energy. Why does it need energy? 2.Compare sucrose cotransporter and the proton pump. Same and different? DUE: 7.3 Key Ideas Unit 2 Test: Next Wed, October 28 Homework: 7.4 10 Key Ideas Monday: Meet in MATH Computer Lab

70. Monday AND Tuesday: in Math Computer Lab TO DO: Modeling Passive and Active Transport Unit 2 Study Guide Ask questions in preparation for the test Monday AND Tuesday: in Math Computer Lab TO DO: Modeling Passive and Active Transport Unit 2 Study Guide Ask questions in preparation for the test I will stamp Thursday!: 7.4 Key Ideas Unit 2 Test: This Wed, October 28 DUE Wed: STUDY GUIDE must be done in order to be eligible for the 10% Test Make-UP DUE Wed before class to turnitin.com: Modeling Passive and Active Transport

71. Energy?Advantage to Cell? O 2 and Hemoglobin Surface Area vs Volume water, an aquaporin and salt Glut – 4 transporter proton pump and ATP exocytosis Comparing Strategies to Moving Molecules

72. Comparing Osmosis in Elodea and Yeast In tap water at 400X In salt water at 400X In distilled water at 400X Elodea Yeast Add labels to your drawings: cell wall, cell membrane, chloroplasts http://www.y outube.com/ watch?v=SooS sKkJo1o http://www.t eachertube.c om/video/re d-onion- plasmolysis- 135394

73. Analysis 1.What happened to the Elodea in salt water? Why? 2.Compare the solutions to the cells. Which were hypotonic? Which were hypertonic? 3.How could you determine the water potential of the cells? Comparing Osmosis in Elodea and Yeast

74. Fig. 7-7 Fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM) Glyco- protein Microfilaments of cytoskeleton Cholesterol Peripheral proteins Integral protein CYTOPLASMIC SIDE OF MEMBRANE Glycolipid EXTRACELLULAR SIDE OF MEMBRANE Carbohydrate

75. Warm-UP: 1.Draw a hydrogen atom. 2.Take away it’s electron. What is left? Warm-UP: 1.Draw a hydrogen atom. 2.Take away it’s electron. What is left? The Sucrose/H + Co-Transporter

76. Diabetes: A Case Study Type 1: body's failure to produce insulin (genetics) Type 2: insulin resistance: insulin receptor no longer “fits” insulin (environment) Draw and explain the events as you would predict based on the description of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.

77. Diabetes: A Case Study DrawingExplanation Blood glucose levels rise No insulin released Blood glucose levels remain high; homeostasis not maintained Type 1: DrawingExplanation Blood glucose levels rise Insulin released, but cannot bond Blood glucose levels remain high; homeostasis not maintained Type 2:

78. Carrier Proteins: Effect of insulin on glucose uptake and metabolism. Insulin binds to its receptor (1), which in turn starts many protein activation cascades (2). These include: translocation of Glut-4 transporter to the plasma membrane and influx of glucose (3), glycogen synthesis (4), glycolysis (5) and fatty acid synthesis (6).plasma membraneglycogenglycolysisfatty acid

79. The Sucrose/H + Co-Transporter SketchDescription Before During After The Sucrose/H + Co-Transporter

80. Terms to use in your description: ATP ADP P H+ sucrose diffusion concentration gradient proton pump integral protein chemical potential energy electrical membrane potential energy phospholipid bilayer The Sucrose/H + Co-Transporter

81. Analysis 1.The first law of thermodynamics says “energy cannot be destroyed”. So where is the energy at the start? Where is it at the end? 2.Why would a cell be willing to “spend” ATP to “earn” sucrose? 3.Why is this considered active transport? Analysis 1.The first law of thermodynamics says “energy cannot be destroyed”. So where is the energy at the start? Where is it at the end? 2.Why would a cell be willing to “spend” ATP to “earn” sucrose? 3.Why is this considered active transport?

82. An example Cystic Fibrosis is due to a misshapen integral protein.

83. Fig. 7-14 Filling vacuole 50 µm Contracting vacuole Osmoregulation: the control of water balance For a cell living in an isotonic environment (for example, many marine invertebrates) osmosis is not a problem. – Similarly, the cells of most land animals are bathed in an extracellular fluid that is isotonic to the cells. Organisms without rigid walls have osmotic problems in either a hypertonic or hypotonic environment and must have adaptations for osmoregulation to maintain their internal environment. For a cell living in an isotonic environment (for example, many marine invertebrates) osmosis is not a problem. – Similarly, the cells of most land animals are bathed in an extracellular fluid that is isotonic to the cells. Organisms without rigid walls have osmotic problems in either a hypertonic or hypotonic environment and must have adaptations for osmoregulation to maintain their internal environment.

84. Fig. 7-14 Filling vacuole 50 µm (a) A contractile vacuole fills with fluid that enters from a system of canals radiating throughout the cytoplasm. Contracting vacuole (b) When full, the vacuole and canals contract, expelling fluid from the cell. Hypotonic!: 1.water entering the cell 2.fill the vacuole 3.squeeze the vacuole’s water out of the cell Hypotonic!: 1.water entering the cell 2.fill the vacuole 3.squeeze the vacuole’s water out of the cell Osmoregulation: the control of water balance