1. Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost Název projektu: Inovace magisterského studijního programu Fakulty ekonomiky a managementu Registrační číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0326 Security and Defence Policy of the State Security of the state and approaches to security research

2. Aim of the presentation to explain the concept of (state) security, its development, content and understanding in the branch of security studies; to introduce the genesis of the mentioned branch; to outline the contemporary dominating approach to security research.

3. Security as the subject of the research Security is not the subject of theoretical research only, but it is also a key term of the security policy. In the traditional understanding the security concept can be understood as a synonym for survival or maintenance of existence of the state. This relatively narrow concept is now obsolete, because the range to reference objects extends as well as the scale of threats In reality, less than or approximately one security level, which suggests the concept itself, but rather conveys a general idea of the desired state and directing attempts to reduce the risks Seeking security is an endless process

4. Security as the subject of the research At present there is no universally accepted definition or conceptual framework for security research. Problem of the definition and conceptual grip of security is one of the long-term challenges for security studies – it is solved by various schools and trends Security in the traditional understanding is primarily one of the main functions of a sovereign state Since the late 80s of last century, in connection with major global geopolitical changes, this duality relation between security and the state becomes increasingly apparent One of the main features of the new situation is a certain blurring of sharp boundaries between internal and external security

5. Strategic studies Strategic studies is an interdisciplinary academic field centered on the study of conflict and peace, whether as an independent or a dependent variable. It has often devoted special attention to the relationship between international politics, geostrategy, international diplomacy, international economics, and military power (Strategy), such as the role of intelligence, diplomacy, and international cooperation for security and defence The subject is normally taught at the post-graduate academic or professional, usually Strategic-Political and Strategic-Military levels The academic foundations of the subject began with classic texts initially from the Orient such as Sun Tzu’s Art of War, went onto a European focus with Von Clausewitz’s On War. In recent times, the major conflicts of the nineteenth century and the two World Wars have spurred strategic thinkers such as Mahan, Giulio Douhet, Liddell Hart and, later, Andre Beaufre

6. Peace and conflict studies Peace and conflict studies is a social science field that identifies and analyses violent and nonviolent behaviours as well as the structural mechanisms attending conflicts (including social conflicts) with a view towards understanding those processes which lead to a more desirable human condition A variation on this, peace studies (irenology), is an interdisciplinary effort aiming at the prevention, de-escalation, and solution of conflicts by peaceful means, thereby seeking 'victory' for all parties involved in the conflict This is in contrast to war studies (polemology) which has as its aim on the efficient attainment of victory in conflicts, primarily by violent means to the satisfaction of one or more, but not all, parties involved Disciplines involved may include political science, geography, economics, psychology, sociology, international relations, etc.

7. Security studies Security studies originated from strategic studies which advanced rapidly during the Cold War and is traditionally held to be an academic sub-field of the wider discipline of International Relations At its core, security studies, as an area of inquiry, takes organized violence as its focus, and the steps individuals and aggregations of individuals can take to both employ organized violence effectively and, much more importantly, to protect themselves from organized violence (accumulation of knowledge in the former being essential for the accumulation of knowledge in the latter) Thus subjects can range from the micro—weapons types, effectiveness, tactics, human-weapons interfaces, individual and group motivations—to the macro; including the causes of war, nuclear strategy, military doctrine, defense spending, and conventional and unconventional strategy

8. Copenhagen school The Copenhagen School of security studies is a school of academic thought with its origins in international relations theorist Barry Buzan's book People, States and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations, first published in 1983 The Copenhagen School places particular emphasis upon the social aspects of security. Theorists associated with the school include Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver and Jaap de Wilde The primary book of the Copenhagen School is Security: A New Framework for Analysis written by Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver and Jaap de Wilde The theory focuses on three key concepts: Sectors Regional Security Complexes Securitization

9. Securitization Securitization, developed by Ole Waever, is probably the most prominent concept of the Copenhagen School, and the one that has generated the most literature It is argued that 'security' is a speech act with distinct consequences in the context over international politics By talking security an actor tries to move a topic away from politics and into an area of security concerns thereby legitimating extraordinary means against the socially constructed threat The process of securitization is intersubjective meaning that it is neither a question of an objective threat or a subjective perception of a threat Instead securitization of a subject depends on an audience accepting the securitization speech act

10. Selected security research institutions Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) European Union Institute for Strategic Studies (EU ISS) International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) Copenhagen Peace Reseach Institute (COPRI) Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP) Institute for National Strategic Studies NDU

11. Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost Název projektu: Inovace magisterského studijního programu Fakulty ekonomiky a managementu Registrační číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0326 Security and Defence Policy of the State Security of the state and approaches to security research