1. How Does Optical Media Technology Work?
By Wayne He Period 2

2. Common File Systems for CDs and DVDs

3. High Sierra
In 1985, representatives from several companies met at High Sierra Hotel at Lake Tahoe, Nevada.
Created a logical format and file structured for CD-ROMs.
Was later submitted to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

4. ISO 9660 Level 2 Interchange: Level 3 Interchange:
Adapted from the High Sierra format.
Level 1 Interchange:
Filenames may only have uppercase letters, digits, and underscores ( _ ).
8 characters max. for filenames and 3 chars max for extensions.
Directory names may only have 8 characters maximum.
Directories are limited to 8 levels deep.
Files must be contiguous.
Level 2 Interchange:
Allowed the filename and extension to have a total of 30 characters maximum.
Level 3 Interchange:
“Files must be contiguous” restriction removed.

5. Joliet Extension of ISO 9660
CDs can be recorded with filenames with 64 characters max.
Specifications:
Filenames and directories can have 64 characters maximum (as stated above)
Directories may have extensions.
Directories can be deeper than eight levels.
Supports multisession recording.

6. Universal Disk Format (UDF)
Allows an operating system to read, write, and modify data
DVDs are based on this format.

7. Lands and Pits on CDs and DVDs

8. A land is a layer that reflects light.
Pits look like bumps.

9. Data Bits and Channel Bits
Land – 1 data bit
Pit – 0 data bit
Channel bits:
A “1” refers to a change from a land to a pit, or from pit to land.
A “0” refers to no change between a land and a pit.

11. CLV and CAV

12. Circular Angular Velocity
Accesses data off of rotating disks
Used by disk drives
Disk motor does not need to change speed

13. Constant Linear Velocity
Used by older CD-ROM players
Rotational speed changes depending on the data’s location
Ensures constant data rate regardless of the data’s location

14. Speeds of different optical media technologies

15. (not to be confused with children’s coloring books)
Color Books
(not to be confused with children’s coloring books)

16. Red Red books define CD-Audio “father” of all CD-formats
Compact Disc-Digital Audio (CD-DA) defined by Philips N.V. and Sony in 1980

17. Yellow “mother” of all CD formats Defines CD-ROMs
Developed by Philips N.V. and Sony in 1983
Allows storing of digitalized content

18. Orange CD-Recordable (CD-R) Created by Philips N.V. and Sony in 1988
Can now record (as where the name “CD-Recordable” came from)

19. Green Compact Disc Interactive (CD-i)
Stores an entire hardware and software system
Stores special compression methods for audio and visual data
Interleaves audio, video, and text data

20. Blue
CD Plus
Multisession disc with two sessions
Music
Data

21. White
Video CD
Developed by JVC, Philips, Sony, and Matsushita in July 1993
Stores MPEG-1 (Motion Picture Experts Group) videos (maximum of 74 minutes)
Playable on a personal computer (PC) or a DVD player