1. Public Management Power & Environments Wednesday, December 09, 2015 Hun Myoung Park, Ph.D. Public Management & Policy Analysis Program Graduate School of International Relations

2. 2 Environmental Conditions Technological conditions Legal conditions Political conditions Economic conditions Demographic conditions Ecological conditions Cultural conditions

3. 3 Dimensions of Environment Capacity Homogeneity-heterogeneity Stability-instability Concentration-dispersion Domain consensus-dissensus Turbulence Munificence Complexity Dynamism

4. 4 Administrative Power “The lifeblood of administration is power” (p. 257) Long, Norton E. 1949. Power and Administration. Public Administration Review 9(4): 257-264. Competition for power and budget in real polity

5. 5 General Values & Institutions Political and economic traditions Constitutional provisions and their legislative and judicial development –Due process –Equal protection of the laws –Democratic elections and representation –Federal system –Separation of powers –Free-enterprise system

6. 6 Values & Performance Criteria CompetenceResponsiveness - Efficiency - Effectiveness - Timeliness - Reliability - Reasonableness - Accountability, legality, responsiveness to rule of law and governmental authorities - Adherence to ethical standards - Fairness, equal treatment, impartiality - Openness to external scrutiny and criticism

7. 7 Political Authority & Influence Chief executives Legislative bodies Courts Government agencies Other levels of government Interest groups Policy subsystems ands policy communities News media Public opinion Individual citizens

8. 8 Chief Executives Greatest formal power over bureaucracies Appointment of agency heads and other officials Executive staff and staff offices Initiating legislation and policy directions Vetoing legislation Executive orders and directives

9. 9 Legislative Bodies 1 Formal legal authority over agency includes legislatures, councils, and commissions Power of the purse: final approval of the budget Authorizing legislation for agency formation and operations Approval of executive appointments of officials Overseeing hearings, investigations Holding authority over legislative committees Initiating legislation

10. 10 Legislative Bodies 2 Limits of legislative power –Agencies are typically the experts. –Implementation is a source of power. –Close scrutiny over agency often has minimal political payoff because, Could jeopardize relationships Eliminate potential sources of favors for constituents

11. 11 Courts Confine agency to statutory authority and require agency to follow due process in rulemaking Reviewing agency decisions Holding authority to render decisions that strongly influence agency operations Giving direct orders to agencies

12. 12 Government Agencies Exerting oversight and management authority (e.g., GAO, OMB, OPM, GSA) Acting as competitors for resources and authorization Acting as allies in seeking resources or authorization Carrying out joint programs with other agencies

13. 13 Interest Groups Client groups, constituency groups, and professional associations Bolster and legitimize agency work Defend agency against budget cuts Provide agency with important information, expert reports Competition between interests gives rise to various viewpoints. Essential to the well-being of agency.

14. 14 Iron Triangle Congress Bureaucracy Interest groups Budget, support of agency mission Low regulation Campaign support Can lobby for agency support Favorable laws Implementation as preferred by Congress

15. 15 News Media Media attention varies by administration and agency. Media attention can shift unpredictably. Media tends to take an adversarial stance. Bad press can damage budgets, programs, and careers. Media serves as a watchdog, reporting government waste and abuses.

16. 16 General Public Opinion General level of support affects agency’s ability to maintain base of political support. Public regards some agencies as more important than others (e.g. police, defense). Public sentiment can help or hinder public management. Difficult to gauge what the public really wants.

17. 17 Individual Citizens Requests for services, complaints, other contacts