1. Review Lifecourse Sampson and Laub Terrie Moffitt’s Theory

2. Lifecourse Theory I  Must explain why there is stability (continuity) in antisocial behavior  Must explain childhood precursors to offending (childhood antisocial behavior) Severe (age inappropriate) temper tantrums Deviant/criminal behavior  Must explain desistence, or “change” Antisocial children, but not adults Adults that “age out”

3. Lifecourse Theory II  Types of Lifecourse Theories (From Cullen and Agnew) 1. Continuity Theories (Trait—G&H) 2. Continuity and Change Theories (Sampson and Laub, Patterson) 3. Continuity or Change Theories (Moffitt)

4. Sampson and Laub  Important/Popular book: Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life First to fully outline “lifecourse” criminology Put forth a lifecourse theory Use “Glueck data” to test theory

5. Pathways and Turning Points  Pathways = stability  Turning Points = opportunity for change

6. Sampson and Laub’s “Age Graded Theory of Informal Social Control”  In what sense is the theory “age graded?”  What does “Informal Social Control” mean?

7. Sampson and Laub Context Poverty Neighborhood Others Parenting Supervision Discipline Social Bonds Family School Delinquent Peers ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood Individual Differences Temperament Conduct disorder diagnosis Delinquency Social Bonds Marriage Good Job Length of Incarceration Adult Crime

8. Continuity  Stability of Trajectory Individual differences (traits) possible Cumulative Continuity  Delinquency/crime has effect on “adult social bonds”  Delinquency/crime can lead to incarceration, which also has effect on adult social bonds  These bonds, in turn, have effect on future crime

9. Change  Turning Points = Adult Social Bonds Quality Marriage Quality Employment  Why would these things reduce crime? S&L: they increase informal control (bind individuals to society, give them something to lose) Other explanations (spend less time with criminal friends, etc.)

10. Sampson and Laub II  New Book/Articles based on follow-up data from Gleuck sample Followed until age 70  Similar to original theory Employment, marriage, military service  More complex-why a “turning point?” Knife off past from the present/future Supervision/monitoring (control) but also opportunities for social support/growth Change to structure/routine activities Opportunity for identity transformation

11. How do people desist?  Desistence by Default No conscious decision to “stop offending”  Rather, roles, structure, social context changes  Human Agency Vague concept that implies people have some say in the matter.  Not same as “rational choice” nor is it a “trait” Interaction = land a good job but still must want to keep Theoretical Importance  Lives do not “unfold” in predictable sequences  Desistence more difficult to explain than onset or persistence

12. Terrie Moffitt  A Stability or Change Theory  Argument: There are 2 different “kinds” of offenders in the world These types can be characterized by their unique “offending trajectories”  Failure of Mainstream Criminology? During adolescence, these two groups look rather similar

13. Moffitt’s 2 Groups of Offenders  LCP’s Early Start, Stable over lifecourse, 5% of general population (small group) Therefore…  Why start so early? Why so stable?  AL’s Late starters, desist in adulthood, very prevalent in population Therefore….  Why start so late? Why desist right away?

14. Explaining the LCP trajectory  Presence of “Neuropsychological Deficits” Where do they come from? Why do they matter? INTERACTING WITH  Ineffective Parenting Monitoring, supervision, etc.  This “dual hazard” puts them on bad path…however…

15. Cumulative Continuity for LCP’s  What in the environment is affected? Peer Rejection School Failure Parenting  THEREFORE Cumulative continuity Contemporary continuity (still have N.P. Deficit, personality traits)

16. Explaining the AL’s  Maturity Gap Knifing off Bonds as “rewarding”  Mimic  Why do AL’s desist?  However, some may exhibit continuity “Snares” as another example of cumulative continuity

17. Key Moffitt Questions  Why do we need 2 theories?  How does she account for stability and change?  Specific explanations of LCP and AL offending