1. FBMK UPM 2012 1 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) CREDITS: 3 (3+0) LECTURER: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Faiz Abdullah Department of English Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication UPM

2. FBMK UPM 2012 2 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) INTRODUCTION What is 'communication? What is 'communication? Why study speech communication? Why study speech communication? Macro/micro functions of speech in community Macro/micro functions of speech in community Nature of communication Nature of communication

3. FBMK UPM 2012 3 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) Unit 1: Objectives At the end of this unit, you should be able to: define communication both as a product and as a process; define communication both as a product and as a process; explain the difference between ‘communication’ and ‘speech communication’; explain the difference between ‘communication’ and ‘speech communication’; describe the relationship between community, culture, and the ethical dimensions of public speech; describe the relationship between community, culture, and the ethical dimensions of public speech; state the macro and the micro functions of speech communication; state the macro and the micro functions of speech communication; list the types of communication as well as the broad areas of communication studies; list the types of communication as well as the broad areas of communication studies; identify the general purposes of speech communication. identify the general purposes of speech communication.

4. FBMK UPM 2012 4 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) What is 'communication'? As process:"a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behaviour" As process:"a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behaviour" As product:"information communicated or transferred as a verbal or written message" (E.g. Have you received my communication? [i.e. my message?]) As product:"information communicated or transferred as a verbal or written message" (E.g. Have you received my communication? [i.e. my message?])

5. FBMK UPM 2012 5 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) Latin root words of 'communication' are cum ("with"), and munis ("public work"). Gronbeck (1997) notes: "Communities are defined into existence by public talk; human conversation creates, sustains, and alters the sense of community one has with each other" (p. 6).

6. FBMK UPM 2012 6 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) Why study speech communication? Speech, or rather the use of language, is the main means by which we communicate, create community, and promote diversity Speech, or rather the use of language, is the main means by which we communicate, create community, and promote diversity ‘Macro’ functions and ‘micro’ functions of speech ‘Macro’ functions and ‘micro’ functions of speech

7. FBMK UPM 2012 7 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) Macro functions of speech (overall community goals): To build community: conversation creates, sustains, and alters the sense of community in the individual To build community: conversation creates, sustains, and alters the sense of community in the individual To promote and maintain cultural diversity: speakers have a right to be heard and treated as fellow human beings; rights and views of minorities must be respected; differences between cultures within a physical community must be respected To promote and maintain cultural diversity: speakers have a right to be heard and treated as fellow human beings; rights and views of minorities must be respected; differences between cultures within a physical community must be respected

8. FBMK UPM 2012 8 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) Micro functions of speech (specific individual goals): To define self – what it means to be a member of the community E.g participating in special days and occasions involving one’s own community; political rallies; conventions To define self – what it means to be a member of the community E.g participating in special days and occasions involving one’s own community; political rallies; conventions To spread information within and without the community E.g. conventions, public statements, press releases, research presentations To spread information within and without the community E.g. conventions, public statements, press releases, research presentations To debate issues of fact, values, and policy impinging on affairs of the community and the world at large – verbal combat and controversy has taken the place of armed combat – public debate and dialogue To debate issues of fact, values, and policy impinging on affairs of the community and the world at large – verbal combat and controversy has taken the place of armed combat – public debate and dialogue To effect individual and/or group change via intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, institutional, mass, and intercultural communication. To effect individual and/or group change via intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, institutional, mass, and intercultural communication.

9. FBMK UPM 2012 9 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) Overview of speech communication process: Overview of speech communication process: … a two-way process between a speaker and listener(s) that involves the productive skill of speaking and the receptive skill of listening. Both the speaker and the listener participate actively in the process: the speaker encodes the message to be conveyed using appropriate language, and the listener decodes (or interprets) the message.

10. FBMK UPM 2012 10 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) Shared knowledge includes information about: the common language and its sound patterns the common language and its sound patterns the time and place of conversation the time and place of conversation the type of relationship between the communicators the type of relationship between the communicators facial and body movements facial and body movements norms, beliefs, and values norms, beliefs, and values other cultural features other cultural features

11. FBMK UPM 2012 11 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) The Need for Speech Training To function efficiently in job-related situations; To function efficiently in job-related situations; To communicate effectively in public forums E.g. neighbourhood meetings, coffee room discussions, student councils, political forums, public hearings, lecture-discussions, etc.; and To communicate effectively in public forums E.g. neighbourhood meetings, coffee room discussions, student councils, political forums, public hearings, lecture-discussions, etc.; and To become a fully-developed, thinking, and forceful individual To become a fully-developed, thinking, and forceful individual

12. FBMK UPM 2012 12 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) Anxiety in Speech Communication State apprehension – specific to situations and settings (interview fear, stage fright, speaking with superiors, etc.) State apprehension – specific to situations and settings (interview fear, stage fright, speaking with superiors, etc.) Trait apprehension – related to speaker’s personality and occurring in any communication situation Trait apprehension – related to speaker’s personality and occurring in any communication situation

13. FBMK UPM 2012 13 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) Ethics of Speaking in Public Honesty Honesty Maximise audience decision-making Maximise audience decision-making Maximise help, minimise harm Maximise help, minimise harm Ego to serve others, not self Ego to serve others, not self Obey the law Obey the law Observe cultural norms and values Observe cultural norms and values

14. FBMK UPM 2012 14 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) General purposes of communication: To discover (to learn about the self and others through social comparisons as well as knowledge of the world To discover (to learn about the self and others through social comparisons as well as knowledge of the world To relate (establish meaningful relationships with others); To relate (establish meaningful relationships with others); To help (seek assistance from therapists, counselors, teachers, parents, and friends); To help (seek assistance from therapists, counselors, teachers, parents, and friends); To persuade (manipulate, control, or influence); and To persuade (manipulate, control, or influence); and To play or to have fun (to entertain and be entertained To play or to have fun (to entertain and be entertained

15. FBMK UPM 2012 15 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) Functional areas of communication: Intrapersonal communication Intrapersonal communication Interpersonal communication Interpersonal communication Small group communication Small group communication Institutional communication Institutional communication Public communication Public communication Mass communication Mass communication Intercultural communication Intercultural communication

16. FBMK UPM 2012 16 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) Components of Human Communication Verbal Spoken (Oral language) Spoken (Oral language) Written (Written language) Written (Written language) Paralinguistic (Voice loudness, pitch, intonation) Paralinguistic (Voice loudness, pitch, intonation)

17. FBMK UPM 2012 17 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) Non-verbal Sight (Visual) Sight (Visual) Hearing (Auditory) Hearing (Auditory) Touch (Tactile; Haptics) Touch (Tactile; Haptics) Taste Taste Smell (Olfactory) Smell (Olfactory) Space (Proxemic) Space (Proxemic) Time (Temporal) Time (Temporal) Body language (including Kinesics) Body language (including Kinesics)

18. FBMK UPM 2012 18 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) Principles of Communication Communication is a package of signals. Verbal messages, gestures, or combination of these. Packages of verbal and non-verbal behaviours. Communication is a package of signals. Verbal messages, gestures, or combination of these. Packages of verbal and non-verbal behaviours. Communication is a process of adjustment. Communication takes place as long as the communicators are using the same system of signals, both verbal and non-verbal. Communicators are constantly adjusting and learning new signals. Communication is a process of adjustment. Communication takes place as long as the communicators are using the same system of signals, both verbal and non-verbal. Communicators are constantly adjusting and learning new signals. Communication involves content and relationship dimensions. The content aspect refers to the behavioural outcomes that are expected. The relational aspect refers to how the communication process as well the relationships are to be dealt with and maintained. Communication involves content and relationship dimensions. The content aspect refers to the behavioural outcomes that are expected. The relational aspect refers to how the communication process as well the relationships are to be dealt with and maintained.

19. FBMK UPM 2012 19 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) Principles of Communication (cont’d…) Communication sequences are punctuated. Communication acts are continuous transactions but people break them up to perceive them Communication is a circular process of cause/effect and stimulus/response. Punctuation refers to the tendency for people to break up the various communication transactions in sequences of stimulus and response. Communication sequences are punctuated. Communication acts are continuous transactions but people break them up to perceive them Communication is a circular process of cause/effect and stimulus/response. Punctuation refers to the tendency for people to break up the various communication transactions in sequences of stimulus and response. Communication involves symmetrical and complemetary transactions. symmetrical relationship: Two individuals mirror each other's behaviour so that the relationship is one of equality. complementary relationship: Two individuals engage in different behaviours which are maximised, but together form a whole. Communication involves symmetrical and complemetary transactions. symmetrical relationship: Two individuals mirror each other's behaviour so that the relationship is one of equality. complementary relationship: Two individuals engage in different behaviours which are maximised, but together form a whole.

20. FBMK UPM 2012 20 B. A. (English Language) /BBI 3213 (Speech Communication) Principles of Communication (cont’d…) Communication is a transactional process. transaction: Communication is a process with interrelated components and communicators that act and relate to each other as wholes. Communication is a process; Components are interrelated; Communicators act as wholes. Communication is a transactional process. transaction: Communication is a process with interrelated components and communicators that act and relate to each other as wholes. Communication is a process; Components are interrelated; Communicators act as wholes. Communication in inevitable, irreversible, and unrepeatable. inevitable: Communication takes place even though a person does not think that he or she is communicating. This applies primarily in the case of non- verbal communication. irreversible: Communication goes in one direction, and what has been communicated cannot be uncommunicated. unrepeatable: A given act of communication can never be repeated exactly the same way twice. Communication in inevitable, irreversible, and unrepeatable. inevitable: Communication takes place even though a person does not think that he or she is communicating. This applies primarily in the case of non- verbal communication. irreversible: Communication goes in one direction, and what has been communicated cannot be uncommunicated. unrepeatable: A given act of communication can never be repeated exactly the same way twice. Communication is multi-purposeful Communication is multi-purposeful