1. Underground Physics Research in Finland
Jukka Maalampi
Department of Physics
University of Jyväskylä
and
Helsinki Institute of Physics
RECFA Helsinki 8-9 October 2010

2. Underground Physics projects
An Underground Cosmic Ray Experiment EMMA (Experiment with MultiMuon Array) in Pyhäsalmi mine.
Under construction and testing.
Megaton observatory for neutrinos and proton decay (LAGUNA).
In Design Study phase. Pyhäsalmi mine a candidate location.

3. CUPP - Center of Underground Physics in Pyhäsalmi mine
Administrated by University of Oulu. Supported by University of Jyväskylä.
Research activity since 2000
Pyhäsalmi mine is the deepest operating hard rock mine in Europa (1444 m). Known ore reserves until ca Operated by Inmet Mining Corporation, Canada

4. Small scale pilot experiments
Radon migration in the rock
China University of Geophysics
Investigation of Neutron Multiplicity
Khlopin Radium Institute of St. Petersburg
MUG
Muons UnderGround. Measured muon flux at different depths down to 210 m
MUD
Movable Underground Detector. Measured muon flux down to 1490 m

5. EMMA – Experiment with Multi-Muon Array
Experiment for studying the knee-area of the cosmic ray energy spectrum via multi-muon events
Recycled LEP-DELPHI drift chambers & small scale scintillators (manufac-tured by IHEP, Protvino)
Under construction at the depth of 75 m, to be completed in Total detector area  300 m2
Funded mainly by EU through the Regional Development Fund (ERDF) ~300 k€/yr. Funding also from the Academy of Finland and universities and grants from private foundations. Total funding so far ~2 M€. Scintillators 0.7 M€, drift chambers ~0 k€.

6. The concept
Measures the laternal distribution of muons which depends on the chemical composition of the primary cosmic rays.
Novelty: only the high-energy muons created close to the primary cosmic ray reach the detector
Direction sensitivity < 1 degree

7. EMMA Collaboration
T. Enqvist, J. Joutsenvaara, P. Kuusiniemi, T. Räihä, J. Sarkamo
University of Oulu, Finland
T. Kalliokoski, K. Loo, M. Slupecki, W.H. Trzaska, A. Virkajärvi
University of Jyväskylä, Finland
L. Bezrukov, L. Inzhechik, B. Lubsandorzhiev, V. Petkov,
V. Volchenko, A. Yanin
RAS/INR, Moscow, Russia
H. Fynbo
University of Århus, Denmark
PhD-students underlined
The Finnish EMMA team
(+ summer students)
U. Jyväskylä and U. Oulu

8. Scientific Advisory Board
Tiina Suomijärvi (Orsay), chair
Leonid Bezrukov (INR, Russian Academy of Sciences)
Anatoly Erlykin (Durham/LPI, Moscow)
Andreas Haungs (Karlsruhe)

9. LAGUNA Large Apparatus for Grand Unification and Neutrino Astrophysics
Design study (FP 7, 1.7 M€)
9 countries, 28 institutions, ~100 members
Finland: U. Jyväskylä, U. Oulu, Kalliosuunnittelu Oy Rockplan (rock engineering), ~10 persons involved, EU funding 0.24 M€. Salaries from other sources (Universities, foundations, Rockplan).
Pyhäsalmi mine a candidate location (6 other)
3 detector options: GLACIER (LiAR), LENA (LScin), MEMPHYS (WC)
Technical feasibility study done (~1200 pages)

11. Cite candidates

12. ASPERA Roadmap
To be updated soon.

13. Scientific goals Long/Short Baseline neutrino physics
CP violation
Mass hierarchy
CERN-Pyhäsalmi offers a LBL (2300 km ≈ ”magic baseline”) not considered elsewhere in the world
CERN-Fréjus offers a SBL (130 km) not considered elsewhere in the world
Proton decay (testing GUTs)
Solar neutrinos
Supernova neutrinos (new&old)
Geoneutrinos

14. Thank you for your attention!

15. Backup slides

16. Test run in spring 2010
A 29 track event in station C