1. Math 3121 Abstract Algebra I Lecture 5 Finish Sections 6 + Review: Cyclic Groups, Review

2. Questions on HW Don’t hand in: Pages 66-67: 3, 5, 11, 17, 23, 45

3. Finish Section 6: Cyclic Groups Main Theorem: A finite cyclic group is isomorphic to ℤ n, and an infinite cyclic group is isomorphic to ℤ. GCD(n, m) = the positive generator of. Size of a subgroup of finite cyclic group must divide the order of that group.

4. More on ℤ n The group ℤ n can be defined as follows: The set is the set of equivalence classes of the relation: x = y mod n. Addition is defined by adding members of equivalence class. This is well-defined: x 1 = y 1 mod n and x 2 = y 2 mod n ⇒ x 1 + x 2 = y 1 + y 2 mod n.

5. Theorem Theorem: A cyclic group is isomorphic to ℤ or to ℤ n. In the first case it is of infinite order, and in the second case it is of finite order. Proof: Let G be a cyclic group. Pick a generator a of G, and let f be the power function: f(n) = a n Then f is a homomorphism from ℤ to G. It is onto. Let K be the subset of all k in ℤ such that f(k) = e. This is called the kernel of the homomorphism f. It is easy to show that K is a subgroup of ℤ, and hence of the form n ℤ, for some n in ℤ. If n = 0, then f is one-to-one: for each distinct x, y in ℤ, x-y is not in K, hence f(x-y) ≠ e, hence a x-y ≠ e, hence a x ≠ a y, hence f(x) ≠ f(y ). Thus f is an isomorphism. Otherwise, we can assume n is positive, and f(x) = f(y) ⇔ x = y mod n. Thus f induces a one-to-one map from the equivalence classes onto G. The equivalence classes of mod n are the elements of ℤ n. Thus G is isomorphic to ℤ n.

6. GCD Definition (normal definition): The greatest common divisor gcd of two integers is the largest integer that divides both (in the sense that any divisor of both integers is a divisor of their gcd). Theorem: If n and m are integers, then there are integers a and b such that gcd(n, m) = a n + b m. Proof: Let H = {a n + b m | a, b in ℤ }. Then H = d ℤ, for some d in ℤ. We can assume d is nonnegative. Otherwise, replace d by –d. d divides n and m, since they are in H. If x divides n and m, then x divides any element of H, hence d.

7. Relatively Prime Definition: Two integers are relatively prime if their gcd is 1. Theorem: If n and m are relatively prime, and n divides m s, then n divides s.

8. Example: subgroups of ℤ 30

9. Theorem Theorem: Let G be a cyclic group of finite order n and generated by a. Let b = a s, for some integer s. Then b generates a cyclic group of order n/gcd(n, s). Furthermore, = iff gcd(s, n) = gcd(t, n). Proof: Use ℤ n as a model. Suppose s in ℤ represents an element of ℤ n. Let d = gcd(s, n). Then d divides n. Thus the multiples k d for 0 ≤ k mod n has n/d elements. Let w = s/d. Find u, v in ℤ such that u s + v n = d. Then u s = d mod n. Also w u = 1 mod n. Thus the maps g(x) = w x mod n and h(y) = u y mod n are inverse to each other. Now g takes elements of mod n to elements of mod n: g(k d) = s/d k d = k s. Thus both sets have the same number of elements, namely n/d. In fact, the members of mod n are also members of mod n. Furthermore, if d = gcd(s, n) = gcd(t, n), then members of mod n are also members of mod n.

10. Review Topics Sample questions