1. 1 CH 4: Organic Compounds: Cycloalkanes and their Stereochemistry Renee Y. Becker CHM 2210 Valencia Community College

2. 2 Cycloalkanes Rings of carbon atoms (CH 2 groups) Formula: C n H 2n Nonpolar, insoluble in water Compact shape Melting and boiling points similar to branched alkanes with same number of carbons

3. 3 Naming Cycloalkanes Cycloalkane usually base compound –May be cycloalkyl attachment to chain It is off of a chain that has a longer carbon chain Number carbons in ring if >1 substituent. Number so that sub. have lowest numbers –Give first in alphabet lowest number if possible

4. 4 Naming Cycloalkanes Find the parent. # of carbons in the ring. Number the substituents

5. 5 Example 1 Give IUPAC names

6. 6 Example 2 Draw the structure a) propylcyclohexane b) cyclopropylcyclopentane c) 3-ethyl-1,1-dimethylcyclohexane

7. 7 Stereoisomerism Compounds which have their atoms connected in the same order but differ in 3-D orientation

8. 8 Cis-Trans Isomerism Cis: like groups on same face of ring Trans: like groups on opposite face of ring Sub. Do not have to be on adjacent carbons of ring

9. 9

10. 10 Cycloalkane Stability 5- and 6-membered rings most stable Bond angle closest to 109.5  Angle (Baeyer) strain Measured by heats of combustion per -CH 2 - –The more strain, the higher the heat of combustion, per CH 2 group –The energy released as heat when one mole of a compound undergoes complete combustion with oxygen.energyheatmolecombustion oxygen

11. 11 Stability of Cycloalkanes: The Baeyer Strain Theory Baeyer (1885): since carbon prefers to have bond angles of approximately 109°, ring sizes other than five and six may be too strained to exist Rings from 3 to 30 C’s do exist but are strained due to bond bending distortions and steric interactions

12. 12 Summary: Types of Strain Angle strain - expansion or compression of bond angles away from most stable Torsional strain - eclipsing of bonds on neighboring atoms Steric strain - repulsive interactions between nonbonded atoms in close proximity

13. 13 Heats of Combustion (per CH 2 group) Alkane + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O Long-chain 157.4 166.6 164.0 158.7158.6 158.3

14. 14 Cyclopropane Large ring strain due to angle compression Very reactive, weak bonds

15. 15 Cyclopropane Torsional strain because of eclipsed hydrogens

16. 16 Cyclobutane Angle strain due to compression Torsional strain partially relieved by ring- puckering

17. 17 Cyclopentane If planar, angles would be 108 , but all hydrogens would be eclipsed. Puckered conformer reduces torsional strain.

18. 18 Cyclohexane Combustion data shows it’s unstrained. Angles would be 120 , if planar. The chair conformer has 109.5  bond angles and all hydrogens are staggered. No angle strain and no torsional strain.

19. 19 Chair Conformer

20. 20 Boat Conformer

21. 21 Conformational Energy

22. 22 Axial and Equatorial Positions

23. 23 Drawing the Axial and Equatorial Hydrogens

24. 24 Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes

25. 25 1,3-Diaxial Interactions Difference between axial and equatorial conformers is due to steric strain caused by 1,3-diaxial interactions

26. 26 Hydrogen atoms of the axial methyl group on C1 are too close to the axial hydrogens three carbons away on C3 and C5, resulting in 7.6 kJ/mol of steric strain

27. 27 Disubstituted Cyclohexanes

28. 28 Conformational Analysis of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes In disubstituted cyclohexanes the steric effects of both substituents must be taken into account in both conformations There are two isomers of 1,2-dimethylcyclohexane. cis and trans In the cis isomer, both methyl groups are on the same face of the ring, and compound can exist in two chair conformations Consider the sum of all interactions In cis-1,2, both conformations are equal in energy

29. 29 Conformational Analysis of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes

30. 30 Trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Methyl groups are on opposite faces of the ring One trans conformation has both methyl groups equatorial and only a gauche butane interaction between methyls (3.8 kJ/mol) and no 1,3-diaxial interactions The ring-flipped conformation has both methyl groups axial with four 1,3-diaxial interactions Steric strain of 4  3.8 kJ/mol = 15.2 kJ/mol makes the diaxial conformation 11.4 kJ/mol less favorable than the diequatorial conformation trans-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane will exist almost exclusively (>99%) in the diequatorial conformation

31. 31 Trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane

32. 32 Cis-Trans Isomers Bonds that are cis, alternate axial-equatorial around the ring.

33. 33 Bulky Groups Groups like t-butyl cause a large energy difference between the axial and equatorial conformer. Most stable conformer puts t-butyl equatorial regardless of other substituents.

34. 34 Example 3 Draw the most stable conformation a) ethylcyclohexane b) isopropylcyclohexane c) t-butylcyclohexane d) cis-1-t-butyl-3-ethylcyclohexane e) trans-1-t-butyl-2-methylcyclohexane f) trans-1-t-butyl-3-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)cyclohexane

35. 35 Example 4 Which of the following is the most strained ring? Least strained? Why?

36. Table 4.2 Axial and Equatorial Relationship in Cis and trans Disub Cyclohexanes Cis/trans patternAxial/Equatorial Relationship 1,2–Cisa,ee,a 1,2-transa,ae,e 1,3-cisa,ae,e 1,3-transa,ee,a 1,4-cisa,ee,a 1,4-transa,ae,e 36