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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 1 1 Creating and Using Organisational Semantic Webs in Large Networked Organisations Ravish Bhagdev 1,2, Ajay Chakravarthy 1, Sam Chapman 1,2, Fabio Ciravegna 1,2 and Vita Lanfranchi 1 12 University of Sheffield, UK {N.Surname}@shef.ac.uk Knowledge Now Limited, UK {Name}@k-now.co.uk
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 2 Outline Traditional Knowledge Management What is problematic? Large Networked Organisations What are the organisational needs? Knowledge Acquisition Forms as Ontologies Form-based Knowledge Capture Knowledge Sharing and Reuse Conclusions
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 3 Traditional KM Enterprise Knowledge Portal providing unique standardized access to proprietary knowledge Single Conceptual Schema for official agreed view supporting communication between different parts of organisation Large homogeneous knowledge or document repositories for collection and organisation of corporate knowledge
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 4 Traditional KM: Issues Effect: Many portals are deserted by users replacements: non-official tools such as shared directories, personalized and local databases, email, etc. Reason: Difficulty in adopting models, schemas and procedures that are unsuitable to specific communities of users that are not dynamic
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 5 Large Networked Organisations Modern KM is based on dynamic communities that acquire and share knowledge according to dedicated schemas existing across traditional organisational boundaries ill fit pre-determined standard schemas require rapidly tailoring knowledge for their specific ad-hoc uses often outside the company (outsourcing) Organisation2 Organisation1
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 6 Modern KM principles Principle of Autonomy where each unit is granted a high degree of autonomy to manage their local knowledge; Principle of coordination where units are enabled to exchange knowledge with other units through a mechanism of mapping other units’ context onto their local context. Bonifacio et al, 2002
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 7 Challenge: support communities in capturing knowledge Do not force communities to share a single company-wide (ontological) view Help them define a neat, formal, shareable, individual ontological view that can be connected to other views although connections can be imperfect some is better than nothing
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 8 Challenge: support communities in sharing and reusing knowledge Distributed interconnected resources can be queried across via interconnected ontologies Searching metadata rather than text Retrieving information independently from the store/media Enables querying resources using my ontological view largely independently from the view used originally to create it
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 9 Semantic Web for Networked Communities Enables freedom for communities definition of community-specific views of the world; capture and acquisition of knowledge according to them; easy networked modification of the knowledge schema Enables sharing with other communities integration with the rest of the organisation’s knowledge; via integration of ontologies definition and reuse of different views on the same data great number of small ontological components consisting largely of pointers to each other
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 10 Our proposal: Integrate knowledge acquisition, capturing and sharing K-Forms Form based User centred community specific view definition of knowledge structures, i.e. the ontology creation of instances, i.e. triples K-Extraction Legacy data capture K-Search searching and sharing of information and knowledge.
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 11 KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION AND CAPTURE K-Forms
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 12 K-Forms Users define Web based forms visually using a Web browser Forms Tables Selections Lists Conceptual type Possible values Validation required etc. Same freedom as Word/Excel forms Flexible creation/modification of knowledge schema
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 13 Sharing among forms When a form is created parts of other forms are suggested intelligently for reuse to help users: create forms consistently without forgetting anything reduce time (saves specifying all details) encourage sharing and linkage People tend to develop new forms starting from an existing form and reuse components from others
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 14 FORMS AS ONTOLOGIES The technical view
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 15 Forms as ontologies The form schema is turned automatically into an explicit ontology Objects are OWL concepts Properties are OWL properties if filler is base type OWL Relations if filler is a nested object Forms can be divided into sections and fields. 15
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 16 Sections Sections can have subsections and fields are presented as sub-forms to be filled. Sections are represented as OWL classes ( Class) which can have subsections (related classes) or individual fields (properties)
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 17 Fields Fields are typed represent meta-properties of the document (e.g. author, date, etc.) or its content (e.g. an issue to be reported). Fields can be added as a property of each section, subsection, or directly in form classes they are represented as OWL properties. Restrictions can be set for the possible values of the using xml datatype schema (xsd:types)
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 18 Semantic interconnections Relations among concepts are represented as OWL relations between classes and properties Relational tables can be represented as advanced sections. The domain of some relations may be the overarching Class. When concepts are introduced at the top level, a relation is formally created domain Class and range Class.
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 19 Linking ontologies When part of form is reused, underlying ontology matching tool imports OWL concepts, relations and properties This creates a semantic web of ontologies all the SW technologies used for managing distributed ontologies apply e.g. distributed searching FormA Person Name... Feedbac k... FormA Person Name... Feedbac k... FormA Person Name... Feedbac k FormAVehicle Person Name... Feedba ck...
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 20 FORM-BASED KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE The technical view
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 21 Knowledge Capturing When a form is released users receive it to fill capture locally(no intranet connection) upload to central repository in a later time Final Word/Excel document automatically generated Can be read and printed and sent by email as before Knowledge immediately available for search on the intranet
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 22 Filling forms Semantics are assigned to the field values All the inputted values are transformed into RDF statements related to the form ontology Filling forms creates RDF triples Different types of documents can be generated from the triples FormA Person Name...Feedback...
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 23 How about Legacy Data? Legacy data in unstructured sources must be recovered Access to knowledge captured with K- Forms must be seamlessly integrated with that extracted from legacy data (when possible) Requirement: extracting information from existing forms Method: Use of automatic semantic annotation techniques Mainly from Information Extraction from text
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 24 KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND REUSE K-Search
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 25 K-Search Ontology based search for documents and knowledge Seamlessly searching forms and knowledge extracted Fully integrated with K-Forms & K-Extraction Ontology associated to a form is made available to K- Search
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 26 Hybrid Search Keywords and ontology-based search can be mixed within the same query Pure ontology-based searching When metadata covers information precisely Keyword-in-context of annotation To match strings in text annotated with semantics (textual form fields) e.g. “fuel” is matched only on snippets of texts annotated as removed parts General Keyword querying For searching on the document/form as a whole Vitaveska Lanfranchi, Ravish Bhagdev, Sam Chapman, Fabio Ciravegna, Daniela Petrelli: Extracting and Searching Knowledge for the Aerospace Industry, in Proc. of 1st European Semantic Technology Conference, Vienna, May 2007
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 27 Support for dynamic communities K-Search enables searching multiple repositories at once using one of the available ontologies Query a specific resource via the original ontology Query a resource using a different ontology interconnected to the original one Query multiple repositories using one specific ontology.
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 28 Support for dynamic communities When an ontology different from the original is used the original query is mapped to the original ontology via the formal links. For the parts that are not mapped the restrictions can be turned into keywords
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 29 Bookmarking in Search
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 30 Bookmarking (ctd)
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 31 © 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield User Evaluation: K-Forms 6 Users from our university Users reused in average 60% of the possible concepts. Many individual variations, with a peak of 80% and a minimum of 30% concepts reuse. All the users happily reused their own concepts Reuse of concepts was appreciated by 90% of the users as it saves time Users found easy or very easy (66.7% ) to design a form using the system (33.3 % rated it average) Industrial: Rolls-Royce forms, + (all k-now) + weknowit
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 32 © 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield User Evaluation: K-Search 32 Users at Rolls-Royce plc Finalist at Rolls-Royce directors’ creativity award STANDARDISED EVALUATION ISO DIS 9241-11
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 33 © 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield Conclusions K-Forms and K-Search provide support for KM in dynamic communities K-Forms enables the intuitive design and deployment of web-based forms that capture semantic information. K-Search enables accessing multiple repositories using multiple ontologies K-Forms and K-Search satisfy modern KM supporting Principle of Autonomy Principle of coordination
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 34 © 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield Future Work Further development of the concept of the networked ontologies and their impact on knowledge management. Explore the impact of changes to the existing form schema when some forms have been already filled. Industrial Applications 2 projects: Support to design and manufacturing of Rolls Royce Engine for Airbus 350 International Procurement Analysis Sports & Entertainments Industry Customer Management
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 35 Acknowledgments. The work was supported by : IPAS, a project jointly funded by the UK DTI (Ref. TP/2/IC/6/I/10292) and Rolls-Royce plc and X-Media, an Integrated Project on large scale knowledge management across media, funded by the European Commission as part of the IST programme (IST-FP6-026978), (www.x-media-project.org). All images © (K-Now or Rolls Royce)
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© 2008, Sam Chapman, K-Now and the University of Sheffield 36 Thank you and Questions? sam@k-now.co.uk
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