1. POSTMODERNISM

2. The term “postmodern” is often defined as experimental writing occurring after a certain time (1940s and 1950s).

3. Traits of postmodern literature
Self-reflexive
Eclectic approach
Parody
Pastiche
Play in at least one of the following ways: play with genres (like horror), storytelling modes, elements of fiction, other formal traits of fiction writing, and sometimes even the visual formatting of texts. (By “play,” I mean experimentation.)
“Commitment” to questioning art and nonsense.

4. Self-reflexive
By this, we mean a text shows self-awareness of itself as a text, as a piece of art.
Ex: The movie titled Synecdoche, New York is about characters making a movie about characters making a movie about characters making a movie, etc.
In order to understand self-reflexivity, visualize a snake bending back on itself.

5. Eclectic (also sometimes termed bricolage)
Experimental texts are eclectic in pulling from many different sources.
You may, for example, find a reference to the story of Noah and the Ark right next to a reference to The Matrix.

6. Parody
Parody is the result of audiences being saturated with a certain form or genre. At this point, audiences become aware of art as art. This where irony comes into play. Parody ultimately transforms the original work or form/genre through irony.
Ex: If you’ve seen Scary Movie I, II, III, IV, or V, you understand what parody is.

7. Pastiche
Pastiche is referencing a formula/genre without any ironic intentions.
The Marxist academic Fredric Jameson has examined the functions of postmodern pastiche. He describes pastiche as “the random cannibalisation of all the styles of the past, the play of stylistic allusion.” Jameson also says that pastiche is “blank parody.”
Ex: Star Wars. The original Star Wars movies utilized older techniques from shows like Flash Gordon from the 1930s with no ironic intent.

8. Genre Play You’ll often see experimental texts blending genres.
Ex: Gun, with Occasional Music by Jonathan Lethem blends science fiction with detective fiction with literary fiction.

9. Play with storytelling modes
Storytelling modes range from different types of stories, like myth and legend, to different types of writing, like fiction and poetry.
Ex: Storyteller by Leslie Marmon Silko contains myths, legends, family stories, fiction, and poetry.

10. Play with Elements of Fiction
The core elements of fiction are plot, character, and point of view. Often, experimental fiction takes a radical approach to these.
Ex: A story titled “After I Was Thrown in the River and Before I Drowned” by Dave Eggers utilizes first-person point of view, but the first-person point of view belongs to a dog!

11. Play with visual formatting
An experimental piece of fiction may play with the visual nature of the book or the text on the page.
Ex: Nox by Anne Carson comes in a box and all of the sheets are connected in accordion style. Also, within the book, she includes a lot of pictures/visuals.
See the 2 next slides for a picture of Carson’s book and for another example….

12. Nox by Anne Carson

13. Example of play with visual formatting from Lorrie Moore’s short story titled “Real Estate.”