1. Major Animal Phyla
Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata

2. Phylum Porifera sponges
Have no definite shape – asymmetrical;
No tissues or organs
Colony of specialized cells
Immobile
Good powers of regeneration
Skeleton of spongin and spicules

3. CLASSES OF SPONGES Class Calcarea – has calcium carbonate spicules
Class Hexactinellida – glass sponges with spicules of silica
Class Demospongiae – no spicules, only spongin

4. SPONGE ANATOMY

8. Barrel sponge

9. Vase sponge

10. Tube sponge

11. Venus Flower Basket

12. Phylum Cnidaria stinging-celled animals
Jellyfishes, corals, anemones
Radial symmetry
Two tissue layers with inner mesoglea
Primitive nerve net but no brain
2-way digestive tract
Stinging cells for capturing food.

13. CLASSES OF CNIDARIANS
Class Hydrozoa – Hydra, Portuguese-Man-of-War, Obelia; mostly polyp or hydroid stage
Class Scyphozoa – true jellyfishes; mostly medusa stage
Class Anthozoa – corals, anemones
Class Cubozoa – box jellies

14. CLASS HYDROZOA
Hydra

15. CLASS SCYPHOZOA

16. Moon jelly

17. CLASS ANTHOZOA

18. Sea anemone

19. Aggregating anemones

20. Anemone

21. Coral polyps

22. Coral reef

23. CLASS CUBOZOA

24. Phylum Platyhelminthes flatworms
First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry
Have primitive brain
3 tissue layers
Includes free-living flatworms and parasitic flatworms (tapeworms, flukes)

25. CLASSES OF FLATWORMS Class Turbellaria – free-living flatworms
Class Cestoda – tapeworms
Class Trematoda - flukes

27. Flatworm

28. Flatworm

29. Flatworm

30. Tapeworm head (scolex)

31. Liver fluke

32. Phylum Annelida segmented worms
Earthworms, sandworms, leeches
One-way digestive system
Have well-developed digestive and circulatory systems

33. CLASSES OF ANNELIDS
Class Oligochaeta – earthworms, bloodworms; oligo- means “few” and chaeta means a “bristle” or stout hair
Class Polychaeta – many bristles and parapodia (fleshly lobes to “walk” with
Class Hirudinea – leeches (most are NOT bloodsuckers)

34. Christmas tree worm

35. Feather-duster worm

36. Fireworm

37. Nereis – a polychaete

38. Oligochaete

39. Leech

40. Phylum Mollusca- soft bodied animals
includes snails, slugs, nudibranchs, chitons, limpets, clams, oysters, squid, octopus, nautilus, etc.
Either have no shell, one shell, or two shells
Many have hard mouth parts (radula in gastropods, beak in cephalopods).

41. CLASSES OF MOLLUSCS
Class Gastropoda – snails, slugs, conchs, nudibranchs; have either no shell or one shell; name means “stomach foot”
Class Bivalvia – clams, oysters, mussels; have two shells that hinge together
Class Polyplacophora – chitons; snail-like with 8 embedded plates on its back
Class Cephalopoda – squid, octopus, nautilus, cuttlefish; name means “head foot”; well-developed nervous system

42. Nudibranch

43. Nudibranch

44. Nudibranch

45. Chiton

46. Chiton

47. Reef Squid

48. Cuttlefish

49. Blue-ring octopus

50. Chambered nautilus

51. Triton shell

52. Oyster on half-shell
(needs Tabasco)

53. Scallop

54. Phylum Arthropoda – joint-legged animals
includes insects, crustaceans, centipedes, millipedes, and arachnids
exoskeleton made of chitin
must shed shell to grow

55. CLASSES OF ARTHROPODS
Class Crustacea – shrimps, lobsters, crabs, crawfishes
Class Amphipoda – small; called scuds
Class Isopoda – sea lice; some are parasitic
Class Stomatopoda – mantis shrimps
Class Pycnogonida – sea spiders
Class Merostomata – horseshoe crabs
Class Cirripedia - barnacles

56. Bulldozer larva - Crustacea

57. Bulldozer

58. Cleaner shrimp
Crustacea

59. Spider crab
Crustacea

60. Crab zoea
crustacea

61. Crab megalops

62. Stone crab

63. Hermit crab - crustacea

64. Amphipoda

65. Giant Isopod

66. Parasitic
isopod

67. Ligia exotica - isopod

68. Mantis shrimp - Stomatopoda
(thumbsplitter)

69. Horseshoe crab
Merostomata

70. Sea spider- Pycnogonida

71. Barnacles - Cirripedia

72. Phylum Echinodermata – spiney-skinned animals
includes sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, and crinoids
reverted back to radial symmetry (radial in adults / bilateral in larvae)
tube feet and water vascular system
Most exhibit pentamerism

73. WHY ARE ECHINODERMS RANKED SO HIGH?
Clues from embryology – study of the early development of animals
Protostomes versus Deuterostomes
Protostome – blastopore forms the mouth in all animals except echinoderms and chordates
Deuterostomes – blastopore forms the anus in echinoderms and chordates

75. CLASSES OF ECHINODERMS
Class Asteroidea – sea stars
Class Ophiuroidea – brittle stars, serpent stars
Class Echinoidea – sea urchins, sand dollars
Class Holothuroidea – sea cucumbers
Class Crinoidea – sea lilies, feather stars

76. Sea star - Asteroidea

77. Bat star - Asteroidea

78. Pycnopodia - Asteroidea

79. Brittle star - Ophiuroidea

80. Sea urchin - Echinoidea

81. Purple urchins
Echinoidea

82. Sand dollar - Echinoidea

83. Sea cucumber
Holothuroidea

84. Feather star - Crinoidea

85. Phylum Chordata
Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
Chordate characteristics:
Dorsal hollow nerve tube
Notochord
Pharyngeal gill slits
Post anal tail

86. CHORDATE CLASSIFICATION
The Protochordates - invertebrate chordates
Subphylum Urochordata – sea squirts, salps, and ascidians
Subphylum Cephalochordata – lancelets
True Chordates:
Subphylum Vertebrata

88. Tunicate - Urochordata

89. Tunicate - Urochordata

90. Salp- Urochordata

91. CEPHALOCHORDATE Amphioxus

92. SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA
Class Agnatha – jawless fishes; lampreys and hagfishes
Class Chondrichthys – cartilaginous fishes; sharks, rays, skates, chimeras
Class Osteichthys – boney fishes
Class Amphibia – frogs, salamanders
Class Reptila – turtles, snakes, lizards, and crocodilians
Class Aves – birds
Class Mammalia - mammals

93. VERTEBRATE BODY PLAN
Recapitulation Theory – Ontogeny recapitulates Phylogeny
The embryological and developmental changes an organism goes through restates its evolutionary history
Evolution cannot go back and change history…it can only modify what is pre-existing

95. Sea lamprey - Agnatha

96. Hagfish - Agnatha

97. Great white shark - Chondrichthys

98. Tiger shark - Chondrichthys

99. Manta ray - Chondrichthys

100. Stingray - Chondrichthys

101. Ratfish (Chimera)- Chondrichthys

102. Electric ray - Chondrichthys

103. Leafy sea dragon - Osteichthys

104. Sargassum fish - Osteichthys

105. Deep sea angler fish - Osteichthys

106. Clown anemone fish - Osteichthys

107. Bull dolphin - Osteichthys

108. Bullfrog - Amphibia

109. Green sea turtle Reptila

110. American alligator - Reptila

111. Osprey - Aves

112. Great blue heron - Aves

113. Humpback whales - Mammalia

114. Sea lion
Mammalia