1. Nationalism: Italy and Germany Ch.8/24 section3

2. Positive Results ● People within a nation overcoming differences for a common good ● The overthrow of colonial rule. ● Democratic governments in nations throughout the world. ● Competition among nations spurring scientific and technological advances.

3. Negative Results ● Forced assimilation of minority cultures into a nation’s majority culture. ● Ethnic cleansing. ● The rise of extreme nationalistic movements. ● Competition between nations leading to warfare.

4. Break up of the Austrian Empire ● Had many different ethnic groups. ● Prussia defeated Austria and took over all its German states. ● Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria split his empire in half creating the Austro-Hungarian Empire. ● Uprisings weakened the empire until 1918 when it was officially disbanded.

7. Russian Empire Crumbles ● Had many different ethnic groups. ● A policy called Russification forced Russian culture on all minorities. ● This caused feelings of nationalism within each group. ● By 1917 the empire had collapsed.

9. Ottoman Empire Weakens ● Had many different ethnic groups. ● In 1856 all people under Ottoman rule were granted equal citizenship rights. ● The Turkish Ottoman’s began a backlash against minority groups ● They targeted the Armenians, forcibly deporting them and killing them if they did not leave. ● By 1918 the Ottoman Empire was disbanded.

11. Unification in Italy ● The Italian kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia led unification in Italy ● Prime minister Camilio di Cavour used diplomacy, alliances and war to gain territory and unite all of northern Italy. ● Cavour supported nationalist rebels in southern Italy. ● Northern and Southern Italy were united under King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia in 1870.

13. Prussia Leads German Unification ● Prussia was the second largest German state. ● It had a mostly German population ● It had the most powerful army in central Europe. ● A liberal constitution was written in 1848.

14. Bismarck Takes Control ● King Wilhelm I chose Otto von Bismarck to be the prime minister of Prussia. ● Bismarck was chosen because he was a conservative and would overrule the opinions of the parliament. ● Bismarck used realpolitik to bully political opponents, enemy nations, and even allies.

15. Uniting Germany ● 1864- Prussia and Austria joined to fight Denmark and each won territory. ● 1866- Bismarck intentionally stirred up tension between Austria and Prussia and provoked Austria into declaring war on Prussia. ● 1870- Bismarck edited a telegram to make it appear the French ambassador had insulted King Wilhelm I. ● France declared war on Prussia and Prussia won the war ● Wilhelm I was crowned Kaiser (emperor) of Germany.

17. Shift in Power ● The Congress of Vienna had ensured that Britain, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia had equal power in Europe. ● By 1871, Germany and Britain were the most powerful countries in Europe militarily and economically. ● This shift in power would eventually lead to a major world war.