1. Italian Unification Geographic Breakdown:
Northwest: Piedmont-Sardinia (only Italian dynasty)
Northeast: Lombardy and Venetia: Austrian controlled
Below Venetia & Lombardy is Parma and Modena (dutchies)
Below them on west coast is Kingdom of Tuscany
East of Tuscany is Papal States
Southern half is Kingdom of Naples, or the Two Sicilies: ruled by Bourbons

3. Many disgusted with existing authority
General desire to return to Renaissance glory (Risorgimento)
Unification led by “the three stooges”
Mazzini (Romantic Nationalism)
Cavour (Realpolitik)
Garibaldi (Romantic Warrior)

4. Mazzini’s romantic nationalism
Young Italy
Romantic idealism
Failed revolutions in 1830’s and 1848

5. Cavour Prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia Victor Emmanuel II was king
Cavour created parliamentary and constitutional procedures (liberal)
Favored modernization
Anti-clerical
Liberal, yet no sympathies for revolution!
Used Realpolitik
Participated in the Crimean War

6. Garibaldi: The soldier
Nationalist and a man of action
Simple, romantic hero
Member of Young Italy
Private army: the Red Shirts, or Garibaldi’s Thousand
Helped Mazzini’s unification movement in (lost & went into self-exile)

7. Unification: Strategy & Actions
1st, get help from larger nation (France)
Napoleon III saw Italy as ancestral home, thus sympathetic
France agreed to help Piedmont-Sardinia/Cavour
Plombiers Agreement (1858)
Northern Italy would be Sardinian (except Nice & Savoy, which France would get)
Central States would be kingdom led by Napoleon’s cousin
Small area around Rome ruled by Pope
Southern Italy remain the same

8. French/Italian troops against Austrian
Cavour instigated a conflict with Austria that led Austria to declare war (1859)
French/Italian troops against Austrian
Austria losing but…
Prussia seemed to be mobilizing (threat to France?)
Possible loss of Catholic support for French?
New Italian state more of a threat to France than a satellite state?
Napoleon III second-guessing his decision & withdrew from the war

9. Franco-Austrian Treaty
Signed without Cavour knowing
Lombardy ceded to France, then given to Piedmont-Sardinia
Sardinia kept Nice & Savoy (for now)
Austria kept Venetia
Treaty of Turin (1860)
France given Nice and Savoy
France support Piedmont-Sardinia’s annexation of northern & central territories*
*Conflict encouraged various areas to revolt
Cavour used plebiscite to annex territories: Tuscany, Parma, Modena, Romagna

10. Garibaldi upset about losing Nice & Savoy
Three Italy’s
Northern (Piedmont-Sardinia
Central (papal states
Southern (K of Naples)
Garibaldi upset about losing Nice & Savoy
Returned to Italy to re-take Nice & Savoy
Cavour was furious!
Southern K of Naples on the verge of revolt
Cavour secretly encourage Garibaldi to take advantage of it and attack K of Naples
Cavour’s thought: if Garibaldi wins – great! If Garibaldi dies – great! Win-Win!

11. Garibaldi launched an attack in Sicily
People flocked to Garibaldi’s side
Piedmont-Sardinia ‘officially’ denied they sanctioned the invasion
K of Two Sicilies fell!
Garibaldi marched north to Papal States
Cavour, fearing Garibaldi’s successes, launched an attack on Papal States – beating Garibaldi to the punch (didn’t want to have Garibaldi attack the Pope (Rome) and anger the French)

12. Garibaldi & Cavour face off
Garibaldi chose to hold a plebiscite to decide whether to join Cavour or attack
Voted to join & Garibaldi stepped down
France stayed away because
Rome itself untouched
Prussian threat seemed close
Kingdom of Italy proclaimed March 17, 1861
Venetia joined after Austro-Prussia War
Rome joined after Franco-Prussia War
Vatican remain independent under control of Pope

13. UNIFICATION DUE TO: High-minded Mazzini Audacity of Garibaldi
Cold Policies of Cavour
War & Insurrection
Plebiscites