1. b"/ tyf v'nf l;sfO{ (Distance and Open Learning) k|:t'tLs/0fsf] vfsf cjwf/0ff tyf df]8]n ;fs{d'n'sdf v'nf lzIff g]kfndf ljBdfg gLlt tyf sfo{qmd ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? ;'emfjx?

2. P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld ;g\ !*$) df a]nfotaf6 kqfrf/ (corespodence) lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 z'?  ;g\ !*&# df cd]l/sfdf 3/df cWoog ug]{ - home society) ;dfhsf] :yfkgf  ;g\ !(!$ df c:6«]lnofdf,!(!(df SofGf8f / !(@@ df Go"lhNof08df v'nfljBfno :yfkgf  ;g\ !(@^ df ;f]leot ;+3df lr7Lkqaf6 cWoog ug]{ ljefusf] :yfkgf  ;g\ !(&! df a]nfotdf v'nf ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf  ;g\ !(*% df ef/tdf OlGb/f ufGwL v'nf ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf  ;g\ !(** df CoL sf] :yfkgf.  g]kfndf ;g\ !(&* df lzIfs tflndsf] nflu /]l8of] lzIff lzIfstflnd cfof]hgfsf] :yfkgf eO{ ;g\ !(*) b]lv tflnd ;+rfng.  Vf'ljBfnosf] ;~rfng.

3. Distinguish type of distance and open learning o kqfrf/ lzIff o u[x cWoog o :jtGq cWoog o afXo cWoog o lg/Gt/ lzIff o b"/ lzIf0f o cfTd lzIf0f o l;sf? s]Gb|Lt lzIf0f o v'nf l;sfO o v'nf kx'Fr o l;sfOdf nrstf o ljtl/t l;sfO o k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t lzIf0f o cgnfO{g l;sfO{

4. v'nf lzIff ljBdfg lzIff xfl;n ug]{ cf}krfl/s gLlt lgod jf aGwgdf g/xL ;Lldt k"jf{wf/x¿sf cfwf/df cfkm" a;]sf] :yfg jf sfd ul//xsf] :yfgaf6 cfˆgf] ultcg';f/ xfl;n ul/g] lzIff v'nf lzIff xf]. of] Pp6f k4tL xf]. of] pd]/sf] lx;fan] v'nf ;dosf] lx;fan] v'nf, lzIf0f ljlwsf] lx;fan] v'nf, :yfgsf] lx;fjn] v'nf / l;sf¿sf] ultsf] lx;fan] v'nf x'g] ePsfn] of] Pp6f lzIff xfl;n ug]{ j}slNks k4tL xf]. t/ o;sf] cjwf/0fcg';f/ lzIff k|bfg ug{ sl7gfO x'g] ePsfn] cfhef]nL b"/ lzIff k2tLdfkm{t\ v'nf lzIff ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5.

5. b"/ lzIff b"/ lzIff k4lt ;+/rgfTds tyf lgb]{lzt x'G5. v'nf lzIffdf h:tf] l;sf¿nfO{ ;a} lsl;dsf] cj;/x¿ 5gf]6 ug]{ :jtGqtf x'Fb}g. s'g} klg ;+:yfgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kf7\oqmd tyf p2]Zodf cfwfl/t x'G5. lglZrt dfWodaf6 k|of]udf NofOPsf] x'G5. o;/L lglZrt p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu lglZrt dfWodaf6 lglZrt ;dodf lzIff xfl;n ug]{ k|lqmof b"/ lzIff xf]. b"/ lzIff Pp6f ljlw xf] eg] v'nf lzIff k4lt xf].

6. b"/ tyf v'nf l;sfOsf] k|d'v ljz]iftf  l;sf? / lzIfs ef}lts ?kdf 6f9f x'g]  ljleGg ldl8of tyf cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u  ;+:yfut k|dfl0fs/0f  bf]xf]/f] ;+rf/ ;+jfb x'g]  cfdg] ;fdg] (F2 F) ;+rfng  ljifd kl/l:yltdf klg lzIff xfl;n ug{ ;lsg]  l;sfOsf] pd]/sf] xb gx'g]  k];fut ljsf;sf] clea[l4 ug]{.

7. Model of DE/Open education 1st – The correspondence model d'lb|t ;fdu|Ldf cfwfl/t 2nd – The multi-media model d'lb|t, >Jo ty >Job[Zo / sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t l;sfO / cGtlqmofTds lel8of] 3rd- The Tele learning model cl8of] lel8of] sGk|]mlG;ª / >Jo tyf >Job[Zo k|;f/0f 4th- The flexible learning model cGtlqm{ofTds dlN6ldl8of, cgnfOg, www df cfwfl/t l;sfO 5th- The Intelligent flexible learning model cGtlqm{ofTds dlN6ld8Lof, cgnfOg www df cfwfl/t l;sfO, sDk0'6/sf] dfWodaf6 l;sfO (computer mediated communication)

8. nlIft ;d'x  lk5l8Psf] ju{sf nflu  b'u{d 7fpFdf a;f]af; ug]{x?sf nflu  3/ 58\g g;Sg]x?sf nflu  ljBfno jf sn]hdf lgoldt pkl:yt x'g g;Sg]x?sf nflu  cWoog cg';Gwfg stf{sf] nflu  k];fut ljsf; ug{ rfxg]x?sf nflu  k]zfdf Jo:t x'g] t/ pRr cWoog ug]{ OR5f ePsf ;d'x.

9. ;fs{d'n'sdf v'nf lzIff j+ufnfb]z  !((@ sf] cS6f]a/ @) tfl/vsf lbg ;+;baf6 ljw]os kfl/t u/]/ j+unfb]zdf v'nf ljZjljBfnsf] yfngL ePsf] xf].  lzIff, ;fdflhszf:q, dfgljsL, Joj:yfkg, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw / v'nf ljBfnoh:tf z}Ifl0fs ljefudfk{mt v'nf ljZjljBfnon] cfk\mgf] sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5.  o;sf] cltl/Qm s[lif / u|fdL0f ljsf;, sDKo'6/ lj1fg, :jf:Yo, kf]if0f h:tf cTofjZosLo 1fg / ;Lkx¿ cgf}krfl/s k4ltcg';f/ ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\.  M learninng

10. e'6fg  e'6fgsf] cfk\mg} b"/ lzIff s]Gb| 5}g\.  t/ ci6«]lnofsf] o'lgel;{6L;Fu ;daGwg /fv]/ o;n] ldl>t k4lt -ci6«]lnof / e'6fg_ cg';f/ dfi6;{ - lk=Pr=8L_ ;Ddsf] sfo{qmd z'?jft u/sf] 5. h;cg';f/ s]xL ;do ci6«]lnofdf k9\g] / s]xL ;do e'6fgdf sfd ug]{ / k9\g] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 h'g v'nf k4ltsf] csf]{ Pp6f gd"gf xf].

11. dfNbLE;  lzIff dGqfnosf] cgf}krfl/s lzIff PsfOn] oxfF b"/ lzIff k4ltsf] dfWodaf6 6fk"x¿aLr z}lIfs ;dGjo ub]}{ cfPsf] 5.  aLr}df ljBfno 5f]8\g]sf] nflu k|fylds tyf dfWolds lzIff, ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd, lzIfs tflnd, lg/Gt/ lzIff tyf ljBfnosf lzIfs :jf:Yo sfo{stf{, ljsf; sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu c+u|]hL efiffsf] tflnd klg b"/ lzIffcGtu{t /]l8of] dfWodaf6 ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5.

12. kfls:tfg ;g\ !(&$ df ;+;bdf ljw]os kf; eP/ ag]sf] /fli6«o v'nf ljZjljBfnonfO{ !(&& df cnfdf OSjfn v'nf ljZjljBfno gfdfs/0f ul/of].  o; v'nf ljZjljBfnon] dfWolds tx, pRr dfWolds tx / pRr lzIff txsf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿sf] cltl/Qm lzIfs tflnd, ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd, dlxnf lzIff / cGo Joj;flos tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ub{5.  o;} u/L xfn virtual university dfkm{t pRr lzIffdf ljleGg z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng eO{/x]s5g\.

13. >Ln+sf  ;g\ !(*) df z'? ePsf] v'Nnf ljZjljBfnon] vf; u/L pRr lzIffsf sfg'g lzIff, Joj:yfkg, lj1fg, OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlw tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;DaGwdf Jofks ¿kdf lzIff k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5.  o;eGbf afx]s lg/Gt/ lzIff, ;fIf/tf tyf k|f}9x¿sf] nflu ;fd'bflos lzIff klg ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5. k|f}9x¿sf] nflu ;fd'bflos lzIff klg ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5.  k|f}9x¿sf] ;fd'bflos lzIffnfO{ q]ml86df kl/0ft u/L k|df0fkq lbg] k4lt klg o; ljZjljBfnon] z'? u/]sf] 5.

14. ef/t  ef/tdf v'nf ljZjljBfno / v'nf ljBfno sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu ljleGg ;+:yfx? sfo{/t 5g\.  v'nf ljBfnon] sIff ^ b]lv !@ sIff;Ddsf] lzIff k|bfg u5{ eg] v'nf ljZjljBfno :gfts, :gftsf]Q/, nufot Joj;flos / cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5.  ef/tdf /x]sf ;a} v'nf ljZjljBfnox?sf]] ;+of]hg OlGb/f ufGwL /fli6«o v'nf ljZjljBfnon] ub}{ cfPsf] 5.  ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] v'nf ljBfnosf] k4lt ef/tdf /x]sf] 5. k|To]s jif{ nueu @%),))) l;sf? o; k4ltdf egf{ x'g] ub{5g.  s'n @&$* cf]6f cWoog s]Gb|dfk{mt v'nf ljBfnok4ltsf] lzIff k|bfg ul/G5. dWok"j{, o'PO, o'P;P, Sofgf8f / g]kfndf ;d]t cWoog s]Gb|x? /x]sf 5g\.

15. lrg  xfn cgnfO{g ljZj ljBfno tyf /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehg ljZjljBfno dfkm{t ljleGg txsf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng eO{/x]sf 5g\.  o;}u/L Statelite- based television dfkm{t lzIfs tflnd ;~rfng.  e- learning df cfwfl/t ljZjljBfnox? ;~rfngdf /x]sf5g\.

16. g]kfn -df}h'bf gLlt Joj:yf_ gjf}+÷b;f}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgf  pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)%  ;a}sf nflu lzIff /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf @))!– !%  lzIff lgodfjnL,@)%( tyf lgodfjnL @)^@  /fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f¿k @)^# – ljBfno lzIff v'nf ljBfnodfkm{t ;~rfng ul/g]  ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd @)^^–&@  ljljw cfjZostf k"/f ug{ nfut ;fem]bf/Lsf cfwf/df v'nf / b"/ lzIff tyf nlrnf ljBfnosf] lj:tf/ ug]{, lk5l8Psf afnaflnsfsf nflu lgMz'Ns j}slNks lzIffsf] k|fjwfg /xg],.

17. !% lhNnfdf j}slNks z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{. lzIffdf ;dtfd"ns kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu v'nf lzIff tyf b"/ l;sfO sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{. tyf b"/ l;sfO sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{. v'Nff ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf u/L pRr lzIffdf ;j{ ;fwf/0fsf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ b]z ;'xfFpbf] v'nf / b"/ lzIffsf] pko'Qm k4ltsf] cg';Gwfg / ljsf;df hf]8 lbg].  tLg jifL{o cGt/Ld of]hgf

18. V'fnf lzIff tyf b"/ l;sfO gLlt @)^# !=ljleGg rfxgfePsf l;sf?x¿sfnflu lzIffdf kx'“rsf] lj:tf/ ug]{. @= k/Dk/fut lzIffsf] u'0f:t/j[l4 ug]{. #= hLjgko{Gt lzIff / k];fut ljsf;sf] clej[l4 ug]{. $=1fg / ;Lksf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ k4ltsf] :yfkgf ug]{. cgf}krfl/s lzIff gLlt @)^# v'nf lzIffdfkm{t ljBfno tyf pRr txsf] ;dsIfL lzIff pknAw u/fpg] ljleGg lgsfox?aLr ;fem]bf/L,;~hfn / ;dGjo sfod ul/g]. lzIffdf kx'Fr a9fpg ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g]. ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|x?nfO{ sfo{s|d ;~rfng / ;+of]hgsf] cfwf/ agfOg]. cf}krfl/s lzIff ;/x dfGotf ePsf] cgf}krfl/s lzIff k|bfg If]q lj:tf/ ug]{ tyf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug]{,.

19. jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;~rfng ePsf sfo{qmdx¿ ljBfno tx;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmd lzIff ljefun] j}slNks k|fylds lzIff ljBfno !!*%, lgdflj, *$ / dflj %) cf]6f qmdz M #, @ / ! jif]{ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] -)^%.)^^ ;Dd_ b]lvG5.  lg df lj txsf] sIff ^ b]lv * ;Ddsf] nflu @ jif]{ sfo{qmd cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|dfkm{t\ z}lIfs ;q @)^$ b]lv ( cf]6f ljBfnoaf6 ;'? ul/Psf]df xfn @% lhNnfsf #& ljBfnodf ;~rfng eO/x]sf]. b}lgs @ 306f ;Dks{ sIff rnfOg].  dfWolds txsf] ! jif]{ z}lIfs sfo{qmd z}Ifs ;q @)^$ b]lv k/LIf0fsf] ¿kdf % cf]6f ljBfnoaf6 z'? ul/Psf]df xfn &% lhNnfsf *% ;fd'bflos ljBfno dfkm{t ;~rfng. s/Lj &!)) ljBfyL{x? cWoog ul//x]sf.  j}slNks lzIffsf ljljw ?k k|fylds lzIff lj:tf/ sfo{qmd, cgf}krfl/s k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd, v'nf ljBfno ;+rfng -sIff ^–*_ / cgf}krfl/s k|fylds ljBfno, u[lx0fL dlxnf lzIff tyf dfWolds lzIffsf. 19

20. pRr lzIffcGtu{t ;~rflnt sfo{qmd  b"/ lzIff k4ltdfkm{t\ lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] @)%* b]lv k|f/lDes afn ljsf;df / @)%( b]lv z}lIfs k|;fzg tyf Joj:yfkg ljifo yk u/L ! jif]{ laP8 sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf].  k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnon] @)%* b]lv ;DaGwg SofDk;dfkm{t ! jif]{ ljP8 sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]s]f. Hope (Himalayan open education) dfkm{t\ pRr lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng. o;}u/L National Institution of open school, NIOS India dfkm{t\ ;DaGwg lnO v'nf ljBfno / Indira gandi open university, Delhi dfkm{t\ ;DaGwg lnO{ study center sf ?kdf pRr lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng eO/x]sf].

21. ;d:of tyf r'gf}tL  ljBdfg gLltdf bf]xf]/f]kgf x'g'.  a}slNks lzIff k4ltsf z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? PseGbf a9L ;+:yfx?af6 ;~rfng x'g'.  k|fl1s tyf k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] cefj x'g'.  ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] kof{Kt dfqfdf ljsf; x'g g;Sg'.  b"/ lzIff k4ltsf] sfo{qmdsf] d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof k/Dk/fut 9Ës} x'g'.  u'0f:t/.  nufgLdf sdL. 12/6/2015NCED21

22. b"/ tyf v'nf l;sfO ;DjGwL Jofks /fli6«o gLlt, P]g tyf lgod tof/ ug]{. ljBfnotxsf] b"/ lzIff x]g]{ 5'§} :jfoQ kl/ifb :yfkgf u/L ;f]xL ;+:yfdfkm{t\ v'nf lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{. pRr lzIff ;~rfngsf] nflu v'nf ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ug]{ tyf /fli6«o gLltsf] cwLgdf /xL cGo ljZjljBfnox¿n] klg sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ ;Sg]. nlIft ju{ sf] klxrfg ug]{ b"/ lzIff÷v'nf l;sfO sfo{qmdsf] ljBfno txs]f kf7\oqmd /fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f¿ksf] cfwf/df tof/ ug]{ v'nf ljZjljZjljBfno nflu cnUu} kf7o\qmd tof/ ug]{. lgoldt ljBfnoaf6 v'nf ljBfno / v'nf ljBfnoaf6 lgoldt ljBfnodf k|j]z ug]{ cj;/ l;h{gf ug{]. k|efjsf/Ltfsf nflu k|efjsf/Ltfsf nflu ;'emfjx?

23. lg/Gt/========= sfo{qmdsf] k|f/Dedf ljBfno txb]lv ljZjljBfno tx ;Dd ;~rfng vr{ s]lGb|o ;/sf/n] Joxf]g]{. k|To]s jif{ b'O{ k6s ^ dlxgfsf] cGt/fndf clGtd k/LIff ;~rfng ug{] lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ d'vfd'v k4ltsf] (Face to Face) ;+ks{ sIff, >Jo tyf >Job[Zo kf7 k|;f/0f, OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u ug]{ 5‘'6} z}lIfs /]l8of] tyf Pkm=Pd=:6];g tyf 6]lnlehg Rofgn :yfkgf ug]{. ljBdfg :6];g tyf Rofgnx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{. s]Gb|Lo:t/df v'nf lzIff kl/ifb\, k|fGtx¿df cWoog s]Gb|, :yfgLo :t/df cf}krfl/s ljBfno tyf ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|x¿df vf]lng] ;Dks{ sIff s]Gb|dfkm{t sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ug]{. {

24. Distance/Open Education: Future e-learning: Web-supported learning, from entirely online to Web-enhanced classroom teaching

25. 25 E-learning: overview a new paradigm in teaching- moves learning experience out of traditional classroom involve computers & network- Internet for accessing learning materials and interacting with experts and fellow learners. constructivist learning environment- Learn collaboratively with other learners. Receive a quality education without giving up quality time. Learn from experts practicing in their fields. offers learners greater flexibility of access to learning opportunities allowing choice over the time, pace and/or place of learning- Take courses in the comfort of your home, workplace or when traveling. use more than one mode of delivery

26. v'nf lzIff ;~rfngsf k|rlnt gd"gfx? s=k"/s df]8]n lgoldt ljBfno kf7\oqmds} cfwf/df /xL pxL k/LIff k|0ffnL cg'?k ;~rfng x'g] v'nf ljBfnonfO{ k"/s df]8nsf] ljBfno dfGg ;lsG5. h;sf] nlIft ;d"x eg]sf] ljljw sf/0fn] lgoldt ljBfnosf] kx'FreGbf aflx/ /x]sf] ;d'bfo xf]. k|mfG;, gfldlaof, af]T;jfgf, OG8f]g]l;of Pjd\ d]lS;sf]df ;~rfngdf /x]sf v'nf ljBfnox? pko{'St df]8nsf 5g\.

27. v=j}slNks df]8]n j}slNks df]8nsf v'nf ljBfnox? lgoldt ljBfnoeGbf s]xL km/s wf/df ;~rflnt x'G5g\. h;sf] d'Vo hf]8 Joj;flos tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffdf /xG5. logLx?sf] cfˆg} kf7\oqmd / k/LIff k|0ffnL x'G5. Ol08og cf]k]g :s"n, NIOS tyf kk'jf Go" lugLsf] v'nf ljBfno o; df]8]nsf pbfx/0fx? x'g\

28. u=PsLs[t df]8n o; vfnsf] df]8ncg';f/ lgoldt ljBfno ;~rfng ePs} 7fpFdf v'nf ljBfno klg sfo{/t /xg ;Sg] Joj:yf x'G5. ;fy} b'j} vfnsf ljBfnosf nlIft ;d"xn] Ps csf{sf] ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] x'G5. o; k|sf/sf] df]]8nn] u'0f:t/Lo lzIffdf hf]8 lbFb} ljBfnonfO{ pRr u'0f:t/Lo lzIff xfl;n ug]{ s]Gb|sf] ?kdf ljsf; u/fpg] nIo lnPsf] x'G5.