1. 2 nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 20041 The need for experimental data in support of IPWG research activities Bizzarro Bizzarri, CNR/ISAC, Roma, Italy Albin Gasiewski, NOAA/ETL, Boulder Co., USA Contents: Requirements from IPWG and CGMS for experimental data Shortest reminding of the GEM/GOMAS project The planned MW/Sub-mm airborne campaign over Europe

2. 2 nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 20042 IPWG requirements for experimental data At the 1 st IPWG Workshop in Madrid (23-27 September 2002), the “Research Activities WG”, under the item “Future Sensors”, identified the need for experimental datasets in support of - the definition of future missions and - to feed the scientific simulation programmes. B. Bizzarri was charged to pursue the matter (Recommendation 1). Soon after, B. Bizzarri and A. Gasiewski started planning for the airborne campaign now being described.

3. 2 nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 20043 CGMS recommendation The IPWG requirement was brought to the attention of the successive sessions of CGMS that finally, at its XXXII session (Sochi, Russia, 17-20 May 2004), approved the following: Action 32.16 -CGMS recommends that Space Agencies support, as much as possible, the IPWG request for procuring experimental data sets (e.g. by airborne campaigns) to help cloud/precipitation modelling and instrument definition. A report on the support realised for this IPWG request should be given at CGMS XXXIII. Deadline: CGMS XXXIII.

4. 2 nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 20044 S-Band Antenna for TT&C S-band antenna for LRIT NORTH DIRECTION Space Calibration Tube NADIR Solar Wing 3 -meter Antenna Star Sensors S-band Antenna for TT&C The GOMAS satellite Mass: 860 kg (“dry": 430 kg) Electrical power: 500 W Volume: 3.0 x 3.0 x 3.0 m 3 Data rate: 128 kbps (S-band, compatible with MSG LRIT).

5. 2 nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 20045 GOMAS (Geostationary Observatory for MW Atmospheric Sounding) European sector (1/12 of disk) scanned each 15 minutes. Simultaneous retrieval of temperature profile, all weather and in clouds,30 km resolution humidity profiles, all weather and in clouds,20 km resolution cloud liquid/ice water total column and gross profile,20 km resolution precipitation,10 km resolution.

6. 2 nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 20046 Atmospheric spectrum in the MW/Sub-mm range (Klein and Gasiewski, 2000). Preferred bands - for O 2 (temperature): 54 GHz, 118 GHz, 425 GHz; for H 2 O: 183 GHz, 380 GHz.

7. 2 nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 20047 Incremental Weighting Functions (IWF) for the selected channels in the bands of oxygen (54, 118 and 425 GHz) and of water vapour (183 and 380 GHz). Note that the sensitivity of 380 and 425 GHz drastically drops in lower troposphere (Klein and Gasiewski, 2000).

8. 2 nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 20048 Comparison between the 118/54 GHz profile ratio from the NAST-M microwave radiometer being flown on the NASA ER-2 aircraft and simultaneous EDOP Doppler radar reflectivity observation. Hurricane Bonnie at 17 GMT on August 26, 1998 (Tsou et al, 2001). The ratio 118/54 is unit in the absence of precipitation or above the precipitation cell, and reduces in the presence of precipitation because of higher attenuation from drops and impact from ice scattering at the higher frequency. The agreement between the two vertical cross- sections is striking. Horizontal maps of this information from GEO at 15 min intervals, will resemble a proxy rain radar operating over continental field of view, particularly over oceans and mountainous terrain.

9. 2 nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 20049 Planning for an airborne campaign Objectives of a MW/Sub-mm airborne campaign in Europe are: To characterise the signature of clouds and precipitation in the MW and Sub-mm bands selected for GOMAS and GEM in respect of frontal rain, light rain and snowfall, in addition to convective rain considered to be enough characterised. To compare experimental precipitation observation by MW/Sub-mm sounding with conventional data observed by MW windows. This will, i.a., allow demonstrating the benefit of adding absorption channels to the baseline window channels of EGPM (European contribution to GPM). To contextually demonstrate the applicability of MW/Sub-mm to the study of cloud ice and water vapour in the Upper Troposphere / Lower Stratosphere (project CIWSIR, Cloud Ice and Water-vapour Sub-mm Imaging Radiometer).

10. 2 nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 200410 54 GHz 118 GHz 183 GHz 380 GHz 425 GHz      (GHz)(MHz)(GHz)(MHz)(GHz)(MHz)(GHz)(MHz)(GHz)(MHz) 56.32550 118.7503  0.018 6 183.3101  0.300 300 380.1974  0.045 30 424.7631  0.030 10 56.21550 118.7503  0.035 12 183.3101  0.900 500 380.1974  0.400 200 424.7631  0.070 20 56.025250 118.7503  0.080 20 183.3101  1.650 700 380.1974  1.500 500 424.7631  0.150 60 55.520180 118.7503  0.200 100 183.3101  3.000 1000 380.1974  4.000 900 424.7631  0.300 100 54.950300 118.7503  0.400 200 183.3101  5.000 2000 380.1974  9.000 2000 424.7631  0.600 200 54.400220 118.7503  0.700 400 183.3101  7.000 2000 380.1974  18.000 2000 424.7631  1.000 400 53.845190 118.7503  1.100 400 183.3101  17.000 4000 340.08000 424.7631  1.500 600 53.290360 118.7503  1.500 400 optional/auxiliary 424.7631  4.000 1000 52.825300 118.7503  2.100 800 51.760400 118.7503  3.000 1000 50.300180 118.7503  5.000 2000 Bands and channels of GOMAS and GEM

11. 2 nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 200411 (GHz)  (MHz) Polarisation (GHz)  (MHz) Polarisation (GHz)  (MHz) Polarisation 157.0 (*)3000two56.025250 118.7503  0.200 100 89.03000two55.520180 118.7503  0.400 200 36.51000two54.950300 118.7503  0.700 400 23.8400one54.400220 118.7503  1.100 400one 18.7200two53.845190one 118.7503  1.500 400 10.7100two53.290360 118.7503  2.100 800 (*) Alternative: 150.0GHz 52.825300 118.7503  3.000 1000 51.760400 118.7503  5.000 2000 50.300180 “Classical” channels for precipitation Sounding channels for improved observation over land including frontal rain, light rain and snowfall Bands and channels of EGPG (green boxes baseline, others optional)

12. 2 nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 200412 “Cirrus”channels“Sounding”channels (GHz)  (MHz) Polarisation (GHz)  (MHz) Polarisation 874.38  6.00 3000two 424.7631  0.030 10 682.95  6.00 3000two 424.7631  0.070 20 448.00  1.44 1560 424.7631  0.150 60 448.00  3.00 1560one 424.7631  0.300 100one 448.00  7.20 3000 424.7631  0.600 200 325.15  1.50 1680 424.7631  1.000 400 325.15  3.18 1680one 424.7631  1.500 600 325.15  5.94 3000 424.7631  4.000 1000 183.31  1.47 1380 380.1974  0.045 30 183.31  2.85 1380one 380.1974  0.400 200 183.31  4.50 1920 380.1974  1.500 500one 380.1974  4.000 900 380.1974  9.000 2000 380.1974  18.000 2000 Bands and channels of CIWSIR for cloud ice and water vapour in UT/LS

13. 2 nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 200413 Scanheads of the NOAA/ETL Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR)

14. 2 nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 200414 The “M-55 Geophysica” aircraft

15. 2 nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 200415 The “M-55 Geophysica” aircraft

16. 2 nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 200416 The “M-55 Geophysica” aircraft

17. 2 nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 200417 Volumetric aspect of PSR (about 1 m 3, about 430 kg)

18. 2 nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 200418 Bay I: volume 2,052 m 3, mass 360 kg - Bay II: volume 1,963 m 3, mass 430 kg - Bay III: volume 1,135 m 3, mass 100 kg

19. 2 nd IPWG Workshop, Monterey 25-28 October 200419 Status of planning - Conclusion A pre-feasibility study has been carried out informally by Russians and NOAA/ETL (Al Gasiewski) with the assistance of CNR/ISAC staff. NOAA/ETL has implemented the necessary modifications to the instrument to fit the M-55 Geophysica bay II. Interest to support the campaign has been generically expressed at instances by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), ESA, NASA, EUMETSAT and NOAA. Costs have been estimated as 900 k Euro for 60 flight hours across Europe. The nominal plan aims at a first campaign in mid-October to mid-December 2005 and a second one in Spring 2006. The purpose of presenting the plan to IPWG is to establish resonance with the CGMS Action within Space Agencies aimed at providing support to the IPWG activities. As mentioned, CGMS expects a report on the implementation of this Action at its next session (Tokyo, second half of 2005).