1. What color is the sun?

2. When viewed from outside our atmosphere the sun appears white. Contrary to popular belief, the sun is actually white!

3. The Sun as Seen by ISS Image via Nasa.gov Why?

4. RAINBOWS!RAINBOWS! How does a Rainbow Form

5. White Light is Composed of all Colors: ROY G BIV WHITE LIGHT PRISM

6. White Light is Composed of all Colors: ROY G BIV As light enters a new material or medium (e.g. from air to glass) it changes speed which causes it to bend or refract. Different colors of light bend different amounts. Thus, white light separated into a full rainbow of colors. WHITE LIGHT PRISM How Does a Prism Work?

7. Simple Refraction Demo Arrow and a glass cup.

8. A simple explanation is that all the particles in our atmosphere filter out all the colors but yellow making the sun appear yellow. Likewise, grass is green because the pigment chlorophyll inside of grass is very good at absorbing blue and red light, leaving the green to be reflected. Why Does the Sun Appear to be Yellow?

9. At dawn/dusk the sun has to travel through a longer path in the atmosphere to reach us which scatters out the blue normally making up our sky color. Why are Sunrises and Sunsets Red/Orange? EARTH X The size of our atmosphere is EXTREMELY exaggerated!

10. If Earth was the Size of an Apple The atmosphere would be much thinner than the skin on the apple. The atmosphere is about 60 miles thick whereas earth has a radius of about 4,000 miles.

12. WHITE LIGHT How Does a Rainbow Form? Sunlight strikes water droplets in the atmosphere. The water droplets behave like a prism and separate the light into a full rainbow of colors. THE SUN MUST BE AT YOUR BACK TO SEE A RAINBOW

13. As white sunlight enters a raindrop it refracts into a full spectrum of color. The light will then reflect or bounce off the opposite side of the drop and exit on the same side it entered (refracting again!) Refraction Reflection

14. Activity: Grab a spectroscope and use it to look at the following: Sunlight (not directly) Fluorescent Light Helium Tube Oxygen Tube Hydrogen Tube Use colored pencils and markers to draw the spectral lines (color pattern). Explain the differences that you see. Activity: Grab a spectroscope and use it to look at the following: Sunlight (not directly) Fluorescent Light Helium Tube Oxygen Tube Hydrogen Tube Use colored pencils and markers to draw the spectral lines (color pattern). Explain the differences that you see. When light passes through a diffraction grating (slit) of a certain size it the light separates into its respective colors. In this unit we want to understand what creates light and why each element has a unique set of spectral lines. In order to do that we need to take a deeper look at electrons… Image via openstax

15. Spectroscopic Analysis Astronomy! We can’t get to the stars so spectral analysis is crucial to understand what these objects are made of. Helium was discovered on the sun before it was found on Earth.

16. How Light Forms [1] Energy strikes an atom [2] Electrons in their grounds state become excited and jump up to a higher energy level [3] Electrons in higher energy levels are unstable. They drop back down to their ground state and emit the energy they absorbed. [4] That energy is emitted as photons or small packets of light Light 2-8-8-2 rule

17. Wave Mechanical Atom (Lab) Understanding electrons allows us to understand light and how and why atoms join together. Electron location is based upon probability. Electrons orbits are quantized. Planetary Orbits Electrons are little circles

18. STUDENTS PLEASE DON’T FART S (2 electrons) P (6 electrons) D (10 electrons) F (14 electrons)

19. 1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s 1.Draw the numbers 1-7 down and put an s after them 2.Draw the numbers 2-7 and put a p after them. 3.Draw the numbers 3-6 and put a d after them 4.Draw the numbers 4-7 and put an f after them 5.Inset arrows diagonally starting with the 1s 6.Follow the the arrows (top to bottom) and write the order out. 7.Now insert the SPDF numbers as exponents. 2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p 3d 4d 5d 6d 7d 4f 5f 6f 7f Aufbau Principle S(2) P(6) D(10) F(14) 1s2s2p3s3p4s3d4p5s4d5p6s4f5d6p7s5f6d7p 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 5d 10 6p 6 7s 2 5f 14 6d 10 7p 6 Writing the standard, ground state electron configuration order.

20. 1s 2 Energy Level Orbital shape # of Electrons Containers that hold electrons 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 5d 10 6p 6 7s 2 5f 14 6d 10

21. Practice Configuration and Boxes Hydrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon-21 Al 3+ You have to fill up one orbital before going into the next one! 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 5d 10 6p 6 7s 2 5f 14 6d 10 HANDOUT

22. http://www.vincentsapone.com

23. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 NeonSulfurKryptonOxygenNitrogenMg 2+ S 2-14 C Hund’s RulePauli Exclusion PrincipleAufbau Principle Fill in the diagram and write out the electron configuration

24. 1s 2 4f 14 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 6s 2 7s 2 5p 6 6p 6 4d 10 5d 10 http://www.vincentsapone.com HydrogenLithiumSodiumPotassiumRubidiumCaesium

25. Valence Electrons Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom. The most important electrons in an atom, they determine chemical bonds and properties. They are the furthest from the Nucleus and therefore, when two atoms/molecules come into contact with one another it is the outer electrons that interact first. 1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s 2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p 3d 4d 5d 6d 7d 4f 5f 6f 7f 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 5d 10 6p 6 7s 2 5f 14 6d 10

26. 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 … Determine the number of Valence Electrons Carbon Neon Argon Iron 1.First you need to determine the total number of electrons each element has. 2.You need to write out its ground state electron configuration. 3.Count the number of electrons in the highest energy level.

27. 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 … Determine the number of Valence Electrons Carbon 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 =4 Neon 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 =8 Argon 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 =8 Iron 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 6 =2 1.First you need to determine the total number of electrons each element has. 2.You need to write out its ground state electron configuration. 3.Count the number of electrons in the highest energy level. Handout

28. Column Number 1A-8A is the number of Valence electrons Selenium Tin Strontium Krypton Iodine Potassium Sodium Gallium How Many Valence Electrons?

29. 1 H Hydrogen 1.0079 Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Transition Metals LanthanidesActinides Other Metals Metalloids Other Nonmetals Halogens Noble Gases 2 He Helium 4.003 3 Li Lithium 6.941 4 Be Beryllium 9.0122 5 B Boron 10.811 6 C Carbon 12.011 7 N Nitrogen 14.007 8 O Oxygen 15.999 9 F Fluorine 18.998 10 Ne Neon 20.180 11 Na Sodium 22.990 12 Mg Magnesium 24.305 13 Al Aluminum 26.982 14 Si Silicon 28.086 15 P Phosphorus 30.974 16 S Sulfur 32.066 17 Cl Chlorine 35.453 18 Ar Argon 39.948 19 K Potassium 39.098 20 Ca Calcium 40.078 21 Sc Scandium 44.956 22 Ti Titanium 47.88 23 V Vanadium 50.942 24 Cr Chromium 51.996 25 Mn Manganese 54.938 26 Fe Iron 55.933 27 Co Cobalt 58.933 28 Ni Nickel 58.693 29 Cu Copper 63.546 30 Zn Zinc 65.39 31 Ga Gallium 69.732 32 Ge Germanium 72.61 33 As Arsenic 74.922 34 Se Selenium 78.09 35 Br Bromine 79.904 36 Kr Krypton 84.80 37 Rb Rubidium 85.468 38 Sr Strontium 87.62 39 Y Yttrium 88.906 40 Zr Zirconium 91.224 41 Nb Niobium 92.906 42 Mo Molybdenum 95.94 43 Tc Technetium 98.907 44 Ru Ruthenium 101.07 45 Rh Rhodium 102.906 46 Pd Palladium 106.42 47 Ag Silver 107.868 48 Cd Cadmium 112.411 49 In Indium 114.818 50 Sn Tin 118.71 51 Sb Antimony 121.760 52 Te Tellurium 127.6 53 I Iodine 126.904 54 Xe Xenon 131.29 55 Cs Cesium 132.91 56 Ba Barium 137.33 * 57-71 72 Hf Hafnium 178.49 73 Ta Tantalum 180.948 74 W Tungsten 183.85 75 Re Rhenium 186.207 76 Os Osmium 190.23 77 Ir Iridium 192.22 78 Pt Platinum 195.08 79 Au Gold 196.967 80 Hg Mercury 200.59 81 Tl Thallium 204.383 82 Pb Lead 207.2 83 Bi Bismuth 208.980 84 Po Polonium [208.982] 85 At Astatine 209.987 86 Rn Radon 222.018 87 Fr Francium [223] 88 Ra Radon [226] ** 89-103 104 Rf Rutherfordium [261] 105 Db Dubnium [262] 106 Sg Seaborgium [266] 107 Bh Bohrium [264] 108 Hs Hassium [269] 109 Mt Meitnerium [268] 110 Ds Darmstadtium [269] 111 Rg Roentgenium [272] 112 Cn Copernicium [277] 113 Uut Ununtrium unknown 114 Fl Flerovium [289] 115 Uup Ununpentium unknown 116 Lv Livermorium [298] 117 Uus Ununseptium unknown 118 Uuo Ununoctium unknown * 57 La Lanthanum 138.906 58 Ce Cerium 140.115 59 Pr Praseodymium 140.908 60 Nd Neodymium 144.24 61 Pm Promethium 144.24 62 Sm Samarium 150.36 63 Eu Europium 151.966 64 Gd Gadolinium 157.25 65 Tb Terbium 158.925 66 Dy Dysprosium 162.50 67 Ho Holmium 164.930 68 Er Erbium 167.26 69 Tm Thulium 168.934 70 Yb Ytterbium 173.04 71 Lu Lutetium 174.967 ** 89 Ac Actinium 227.028 90 Th Thorium 232.038 91 Pa Protactinium 231.036 92 U Uranium 238.029 93 Np Neptunium 237.048 94 Pu Plutonium 244.064 95 Am Americium 243.061 96 Cm Curium 247.070 97 Bk Berkelium 247.070 98 Cf Californium 251.080 99 Es Einsteinium [254] 100 Fm Fermium 257.095 101 Md Mendelevium 258.1 102 No Nobelium 259.101 103 Lr Lawrencium [262] 1 1A 2 2A 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3A 14 4A 15 5A 16 6A 17 7A 18 8A All column 1A elements have 1 valence electron http://www.vincentsapone.com Atomic mass in [brackets] is for the most stable isotope.

30. 1 H Hydrogen 1.0079 Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Transition Metals LanthanidesActinides Other Metals Metalloids Other Nonmetals Halogens Noble Gases 2 He Helium 4.003 3 Li Lithium 6.941 4 Be Beryllium 9.0122 5 B Boron 10.811 6 C Carbon 12.011 7 N Nitrogen 14.007 8 O Oxygen 15.999 9 F Fluorine 18.998 10 Ne Neon 20.180 11 Na Sodium 22.990 12 Mg Magnesium 24.305 13 Al Aluminum 26.982 14 Si Silicon 28.086 15 P Phosphorus 30.974 16 S Sulfur 32.066 17 Cl Chlorine 35.453 18 Ar Argon 39.948 19 K Potassium 39.098 20 Ca Calcium 40.078 21 Sc Scandium 44.956 22 Ti Titanium 47.88 23 V Vanadium 50.942 24 Cr Chromium 51.996 25 Mn Manganese 54.938 26 Fe Iron 55.933 27 Co Cobalt 58.933 28 Ni Nickel 58.693 29 Cu Copper 63.546 30 Zn Zinc 65.39 31 Ga Gallium 69.732 32 Ge Germanium 72.61 33 As Arsenic 74.922 34 Se Selenium 78.09 35 Br Bromine 79.904 36 Kr Krypton 84.80 37 Rb Rubidium 85.468 38 Sr Strontium 87.62 39 Y Yttrium 88.906 40 Zr Zirconium 91.224 41 Nb Niobium 92.906 42 Mo Molybdenum 95.94 43 Tc Technetium 98.907 44 Ru Ruthenium 101.07 45 Rh Rhodium 102.906 46 Pd Palladium 106.42 47 Ag Silver 107.868 48 Cd Cadmium 112.411 49 In Indium 114.818 50 Sn Tin 118.71 51 Sb Antimony 121.760 52 Te Tellurium 127.6 53 I Iodine 126.904 54 Xe Xenon 131.29 55 Cs Cesium 132.91 56 Ba Barium 137.33 * 57-71 72 Hf Hafnium 178.49 73 Ta Tantalum 180.948 74 W Tungsten 183.85 75 Re Rhenium 186.207 76 Os Osmium 190.23 77 Ir Iridium 192.22 78 Pt Platinum 195.08 79 Au Gold 196.967 80 Hg Mercury 200.59 81 Tl Thallium 204.383 82 Pb Lead 207.2 83 Bi Bismuth 208.980 84 Po Polonium [208.982] 85 At Astatine 209.987 86 Rn Radon 222.018 87 Fr Francium [223] 88 Ra Radon [226] ** 89-103 104 Rf Rutherfordium [261] 105 Db Dubnium [262] 106 Sg Seaborgium [266] 107 Bh Bohrium [264] 108 Hs Hassium [269] 109 Mt Meitnerium [268] 110 Ds Darmstadtium [269] 111 Rg Roentgenium [272] 112 Cn Copernicium [277] 113 Uut Ununtrium unknown 114 Fl Flerovium [289] 115 Uup Ununpentium unknown 116 Lv Livermorium [298] 117 Uus Ununseptium unknown 118 Uuo Ununoctium unknown * 57 La Lanthanum 138.906 58 Ce Cerium 140.115 59 Pr Praseodymium 140.908 60 Nd Neodymium 144.24 61 Pm Promethium 144.24 62 Sm Samarium 150.36 63 Eu Europium 151.966 64 Gd Gadolinium 157.25 65 Tb Terbium 158.925 66 Dy Dysprosium 162.50 67 Ho Holmium 164.930 68 Er Erbium 167.26 69 Tm Thulium 168.934 70 Yb Ytterbium 173.04 71 Lu Lutetium 174.967 ** 89 Ac Actinium 227.028 90 Th Thorium 232.038 91 Pa Protactinium 231.036 92 U Uranium 238.029 93 Np Neptunium 237.048 94 Pu Plutonium 244.064 95 Am Americium 243.061 96 Cm Curium 247.070 97 Bk Berkelium 247.070 98 Cf Californium 251.080 99 Es Einsteinium [254] 100 Fm Fermium 257.095 101 Md Mendelevium 258.1 102 No Nobelium 259.101 103 Lr Lawrencium [262] 1 1A 2 2A 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3A 14 4A 15 5A 16 6A 17 7A 18 8A All column 2A elements have 2 valence electrons http://www.vincentsapone.com Atomic mass in [brackets] is for the most stable isotope.

31. 1 H Hydrogen 1.0079 Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Transition Metals LanthanidesActinides Other Metals Metalloids Other Nonmetals Halogens Noble Gases 2 He Helium 4.003 3 Li Lithium 6.941 4 Be Beryllium 9.0122 5 B Boron 10.811 6 C Carbon 12.011 7 N Nitrogen 14.007 8 O Oxygen 15.999 9 F Fluorine 18.998 10 Ne Neon 20.180 11 Na Sodium 22.990 12 Mg Magnesium 24.305 13 Al Aluminum 26.982 14 Si Silicon 28.086 15 P Phosphorus 30.974 16 S Sulfur 32.066 17 Cl Chlorine 35.453 18 Ar Argon 39.948 19 K Potassium 39.098 20 Ca Calcium 40.078 21 Sc Scandium 44.956 22 Ti Titanium 47.88 23 V Vanadium 50.942 24 Cr Chromium 51.996 25 Mn Manganese 54.938 26 Fe Iron 55.933 27 Co Cobalt 58.933 28 Ni Nickel 58.693 29 Cu Copper 63.546 30 Zn Zinc 65.39 31 Ga Gallium 69.732 32 Ge Germanium 72.61 33 As Arsenic 74.922 34 Se Selenium 78.09 35 Br Bromine 79.904 36 Kr Krypton 84.80 37 Rb Rubidium 85.468 38 Sr Strontium 87.62 39 Y Yttrium 88.906 40 Zr Zirconium 91.224 41 Nb Niobium 92.906 42 Mo Molybdenum 95.94 43 Tc Technetium 98.907 44 Ru Ruthenium 101.07 45 Rh Rhodium 102.906 46 Pd Palladium 106.42 47 Ag Silver 107.868 48 Cd Cadmium 112.411 49 In Indium 114.818 50 Sn Tin 118.71 51 Sb Antimony 121.760 52 Te Tellurium 127.6 53 I Iodine 126.904 54 Xe Xenon 131.29 55 Cs Cesium 132.91 56 Ba Barium 137.33 * 57-71 72 Hf Hafnium 178.49 73 Ta Tantalum 180.948 74 W Tungsten 183.85 75 Re Rhenium 186.207 76 Os Osmium 190.23 77 Ir Iridium 192.22 78 Pt Platinum 195.08 79 Au Gold 196.967 80 Hg Mercury 200.59 81 Tl Thallium 204.383 82 Pb Lead 207.2 83 Bi Bismuth 208.980 84 Po Polonium [208.982] 85 At Astatine 209.987 86 Rn Radon 222.018 87 Fr Francium [223] 88 Ra Radon [226] ** 89-103 104 Rf Rutherfordium [261] 105 Db Dubnium [262] 106 Sg Seaborgium [266] 107 Bh Bohrium [264] 108 Hs Hassium [269] 109 Mt Meitnerium [268] 110 Ds Darmstadtium [269] 111 Rg Roentgenium [272] 112 Cn Copernicium [277] 113 Uut Ununtrium unknown 114 Fl Flerovium [289] 115 Uup Ununpentium unknown 116 Lv Livermorium [298] 117 Uus Ununseptium unknown 118 Uuo Ununoctium unknown * 57 La Lanthanum 138.906 58 Ce Cerium 140.115 59 Pr Praseodymium 140.908 60 Nd Neodymium 144.24 61 Pm Promethium 144.24 62 Sm Samarium 150.36 63 Eu Europium 151.966 64 Gd Gadolinium 157.25 65 Tb Terbium 158.925 66 Dy Dysprosium 162.50 67 Ho Holmium 164.930 68 Er Erbium 167.26 69 Tm Thulium 168.934 70 Yb Ytterbium 173.04 71 Lu Lutetium 174.967 ** 89 Ac Actinium 227.028 90 Th Thorium 232.038 91 Pa Protactinium 231.036 92 U Uranium 238.029 93 Np Neptunium 237.048 94 Pu Plutonium 244.064 95 Am Americium 243.061 96 Cm Curium 247.070 97 Bk Berkelium 247.070 98 Cf Californium 251.080 99 Es Einsteinium [254] 100 Fm Fermium 257.095 101 Md Mendelevium 258.1 102 No Nobelium 259.101 103 Lr Lawrencium [262] 1 1A 2 2A 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3A 14 4A 15 5A 16 6A 17 7A 18 8A All column 3A elements have 3 valence electrons and so on… http://www.vincentsapone.com Atomic mass in [brackets] is for the most stable isotope.

32. 1 H Hydrogen 1.0079 Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Transition Metals LanthanidesActinides Other Metals Metalloids Other Nonmetals Halogens Noble Gases 2 He Helium 4.003 3 Li Lithium 6.941 4 Be Beryllium 9.0122 5 B Boron 10.811 6 C Carbon 12.011 7 N Nitrogen 14.007 8 O Oxygen 15.999 9 F Fluorine 18.998 10 Ne Neon 20.180 11 Na Sodium 22.990 12 Mg Magnesium 24.305 13 Al Aluminum 26.982 14 Si Silicon 28.086 15 P Phosphorus 30.974 16 S Sulfur 32.066 17 Cl Chlorine 35.453 18 Ar Argon 39.948 19 K Potassium 39.098 20 Ca Calcium 40.078 21 Sc Scandium 44.956 22 Ti Titanium 47.88 23 V Vanadium 50.942 24 Cr Chromium 51.996 25 Mn Manganese 54.938 26 Fe Iron 55.933 27 Co Cobalt 58.933 28 Ni Nickel 58.693 29 Cu Copper 63.546 30 Zn Zinc 65.39 31 Ga Gallium 69.732 32 Ge Germanium 72.61 33 As Arsenic 74.922 34 Se Selenium 78.09 35 Br Bromine 79.904 36 Kr Krypton 84.80 37 Rb Rubidium 85.468 38 Sr Strontium 87.62 39 Y Yttrium 88.906 40 Zr Zirconium 91.224 41 Nb Niobium 92.906 42 Mo Molybdenum 95.94 43 Tc Technetium 98.907 44 Ru Ruthenium 101.07 45 Rh Rhodium 102.906 46 Pd Palladium 106.42 47 Ag Silver 107.868 48 Cd Cadmium 112.411 49 In Indium 114.818 50 Sn Tin 118.71 51 Sb Antimony 121.760 52 Te Tellurium 127.6 53 I Iodine 126.904 54 Xe Xenon 131.29 55 Cs Cesium 132.91 56 Ba Barium 137.33 * 57-71 72 Hf Hafnium 178.49 73 Ta Tantalum 180.948 74 W Tungsten 183.85 75 Re Rhenium 186.207 76 Os Osmium 190.23 77 Ir Iridium 192.22 78 Pt Platinum 195.08 79 Au Gold 196.967 80 Hg Mercury 200.59 81 Tl Thallium 204.383 82 Pb Lead 207.2 83 Bi Bismuth 208.980 84 Po Polonium [208.982] 85 At Astatine 209.987 86 Rn Radon 222.018 87 Fr Francium [223] 88 Ra Radon [226] ** 89-103 104 Rf Rutherfordium [261] 105 Db Dubnium [262] 106 Sg Seaborgium [266] 107 Bh Bohrium [264] 108 Hs Hassium [269] 109 Mt Meitnerium [268] 110 Ds Darmstadtium [269] 111 Rg Roentgenium [272] 112 Cn Copernicium [277] 113 Uut Ununtrium unknown 114 Fl Flerovium [289] 115 Uup Ununpentium unknown 116 Lv Livermorium [298] 117 Uus Ununseptium unknown 118 Uuo Ununoctium unknown * 57 La Lanthanum 138.906 58 Ce Cerium 140.115 59 Pr Praseodymium 140.908 60 Nd Neodymium 144.24 61 Pm Promethium 144.24 62 Sm Samarium 150.36 63 Eu Europium 151.966 64 Gd Gadolinium 157.25 65 Tb Terbium 158.925 66 Dy Dysprosium 162.50 67 Ho Holmium 164.930 68 Er Erbium 167.26 69 Tm Thulium 168.934 70 Yb Ytterbium 173.04 71 Lu Lutetium 174.967 ** 89 Ac Actinium 227.028 90 Th Thorium 232.038 91 Pa Protactinium 231.036 92 U Uranium 238.029 93 Np Neptunium 237.048 94 Pu Plutonium 244.064 95 Am Americium 243.061 96 Cm Curium 247.070 97 Bk Berkelium 247.070 98 Cf Californium 251.080 99 Es Einsteinium [254] 100 Fm Fermium 257.095 101 Md Mendelevium 258.1 102 No Nobelium 259.101 103 Lr Lawrencium [262] 1 1A 2 2A 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3A 14 4A 15 5A 16 6A 17 7A 18 8A All column 8A elements have 8 valence electrons except helium (2ve) http://www.vincentsapone.com Atomic mass in [brackets] is for the most stable isotope.

33. Lewis Dot Structures Column # 1 A-8A = #V.E.s Dot structures dots represent valence electrons. Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom. Important for Bonding!!! +8 The shell model on the right shows an oxygen atom with 8 total electrons. How many of them are valence electrons? Six V.E.s O We draw it like this: The element symbol in the middle with dots drawn around it. Starting from the right, draw one dot on each side in a clockwise fashion and then double up the dots if necessary. Key Concept: Shell diagrams show ALL electrons Lewis Dot Structures show only the outermost ring (valence electrons) Key Concept: Shell diagrams show ALL electrons Lewis Dot Structures show only the outermost ring (valence electrons)

34. Lewis Dot Structures Column # 1 A-8A = #V.E.s Draw Dot Structures C Carbon is in Column 4A so it has four Valence electrons!

35. Lewis Dot Structures 1VE X2VEs 3VEs 4VEs 5VEs 6VEs 7VEs 8VEs

36. Period 2 Lewis Structures 1VE Li2VEs Be3VEs B4VEs C5VEs N6VEs O7VEs F8VEs Ne

37. * ** * Patterns in Electron Configuration

38. H 1s 1 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 5d 10 He 1s 2 Li 2s 1 Be 2s 2 SPDF B 2p 1 C 2p 2 N 2p 3 O 2p 4 F 2p 5 Ne 2p 6 Na 3s 1 Mg 3s 2 Al 3p 1 Si 3p 2 P 3p 3 S 3p 4 Cl 3p 5 Ar 3p 6 K 4s 1 Ca 4s 2 Sc 3d 1 Ti 3d 2 V 3d 3 Cr 3d 5 Mn 3d 5 Fe 3d 6 Co 3d 7 Ni 3d 8 Cu 3d 10 Zn 3d 10 Ga 4p 1 Ge 4p2 As 4p 3 Se 4p 4 Br 4p 5 Kr 4p 6 Rb 5s 1 Sr 5s 2 Y 4d 1 Zr 4d 2 Nb 4d 4 Mo 4d 5 Tc 4d 5 Ru 4d 7 Rh 4d 8 Pd 4d 10 Ag 4d 10 Cd 4d 10 In 5p 1 Sn 5p 2 Sb 5p 3 Te 5p 4 I 5p 5 Xe 5p 6 Cs 6s 1 Ba 6s 2 * Hf 5d 2 Ta 5d 3 W 5d 4 Re 5d 5 Os 5d 6 Ir 5d 7 Pt 5d 9 Au 5d 10 Hg 5d 10 Ti 6p 1 Pb 6p 2 Bi 6p 3 Po 6p 4 At 6p 5 Rn 6p 6 Fr 7s 1 Ra 7s 2 ** Rf 6d 2 Db 6d 3 Sg 6d 4 Bh 6d 5 Hs 6d 6 Mt 6d 7 Ds 6d 8 Rg 6d 10 Cn 6d 10 * La 5d 1 Ce 4f 1 5d 1 Pr 4f 3 Nd 4f 4 Pm 4f 5 Sm 4f 6 Eu 4f 7 Gd 4f 7 5d 1 Tb 4f 9 Dy 4f 10 Ho 4f 11 Er 4f 12 Tm 4f 13 Yb 4f 14 Lu 5s 1 ** Ac 6d 1 Th 6d 2 Pa 5f 2 6d 1 U 5f 3 6d 1 Np 5f 4 6d 1 Pu 5f 6 Am 5f 7 Cm 5f 7 6d 1 Bk 5f 9 Cf 5f 10 Es 5f 11 Fm 5f 12 Md 5f 13 No 5f 14 Lr 6d 1 http://www.vincentsapone.com

39. Why does each element have a unique set of spectral lines? 1.Each color of light has a specific size/wavelength/energy. 2.Each atom has a unique electron configuration resulting in different amounts of energy being given off when an electron jumps back down. 3.Also each atom has difference energy characteristics since the number of protons differs between atoms.

40. Light is Electromagnetic Radiation Visible Light is just a small part of the total spectrum of Light

41. Full Electromagnetic Spectrum

42. Some Infrared Photos

45. Ultraviolet Radiation BLACK LIGHTS

46. Flame Test Lab!!!!!