1. CS-280 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 1 Atmel Timer/Counter System Most microcontrollers include some type of timer system Facilitates real-time monitoring and control 1. Measuring time between two event occurrences Motor speed based on time for a full revolution 2. Invoking an action at precise intervals Injecting fuel into an engine’s combustion chamber 3. Measuring the number of events that occur within a specific time interval Number of engine misfires 4. Generating a waveform at a specific frequency

2. CS-280 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 2 Atmega32 Timer/Counter subsystem has 3 T/C units Timer/Counter 0 8-bit timer Timer/Counter 1 16-bit timer Timer/Counter 2 8-bit timer Subsequent slides will focus on Timer/Counter 0

3. CS-280 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 3 8-bit Timer/Counter 0 Overview Counter value is stored in 8-bit I/O register TCNT0 TCNT0 is automatically incremented TCNT0 can be read or written at any time The counter is driven by either: External signal on pin T0 (PB0) CPU internal clock A scale factor can be applied to slow down the clock signal to the T/C TCNT0 is incremented with each clock tick A specified number of increments corresponds to a precise time interval

4. Basic operation of the Timer/Counter (8-bit) CS-280 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 4 MAX=TOP = 0xFF BOTTOM = 0x00 ticks TCNT0 value Counter is started here and automatically increments at a precise rate Counter reaches its MAX value and is automatically reset to 0

5. CS-280 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 5 Controlling the frequency of the Timer/Counter Controlled by bits CS00:CS02 of the TCCR0 (Timer/Counter 0 Control Register) 0 0 0 Counter/Timer stopped (does not increment) 0 0 1: Counter incremented every CPU clock tick 0 1 0: Counter incremented every 8 clock ticks 0 1 1: Counter incremented every 64 clock ticks 1 0 0: Counter incremented every 256 clock ticks 1 0 1: Counter incremented every 1024 clock ticks 1 1 0: use external clock source on T0 (PB0) pin; falling edge 1 1 1: use external clock source on T0 (PB0) pin; rising edge  Ext clock source can be anything that generates a signal (e.g. pushbutton)

6. CS-280 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 6 The Timer/Counter has several modes of operation: Mode is determined by bits WGM00:WGM01 0:0 – Normal mode TOP is 0xFF  After reaching 0xFF, rolls over to 0x00 and starts over 0:1 – (CTC) mode : Clear Timer on Compare match TOP is determined by the value assigned to OCR0  When TCNT0=OCR0 (compare match) TCNT0 is reset to 0 There are also two other modes we’ll discuss later…

7. Behavior of T/C in Normal vs. CTC Modes CS-280 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 7 MAX=TOP = 0xFF MAX=0xFF TOP BOTTOM = 0x00 ticks Counter value Normal Mode CTC Mode BOTTOM = 0x00 Value of TOP is the value of OCR0, which you can modify at any time within your program

8. CS-280 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 8 Normal Mode Interrupt of Timer/Counter 0 When TCNT0 overflows from 0xFF to 0, TOV0 flag in TIFR is set The TIMSK Register controls generation of interrupts on overflow When TOV0 is set and TOIE0 is enabled: Overflow interrupt is generated ISR is setup via jump vector 0x16 TOV0 is cleared when the ISR is executed

9. Normal mode interrupt CS-280 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 9 MAX=TOP = 0xFF BOTTOM = 0x00 ticks TCNT0 value Counter is started here and automatically increments at a precise rate Timer interrupt TOIE1 occurs when TCNT0 overflows (resets) TOV0 flag is set on overflow and resets automatically when TOIE1 ISR is vectored Normal Mode

10. CS-280 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 10 CTC Mode Interrupts of Timer/Counter 0 When TCNT0=OCR0, OCF0 flag in TIFR is set When in CTC mode, TCNT0 is automatically reset to 0 The TIMSK Register controls generation of Output Comparator interrupts (as well as Counter Overflow interrupts described earlier) When OCF0 is set and OCIE0 is enabled: Compare Match interrupt is generated ISR is setup via jump vector 0x14 OCF0 is cleared when the ISR is executed

11. CTC mode interrupt CS-280 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 11 Counter is started here and automatically increments at a precise rate Timer interrupt OCIE1 occurs when TCNT0=OCR0 (compare match) OCF0 flag is set on match and resets automatically when OCIE1 ISR is vectored MAX=0xFF TOP ticks Counter value CTC Mode BOTTOM = 0x00

12. CS-280 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 12 The Output Comparator circuitry can be configured to drive a voltage on OC0 (PB3) high or low When in CTC mode, bits COM01:COM00 affect the operation as follows: 0 0: OC0 disconnected 0 1: Toggle OC0 on compare match 1 0: Clear OC0 on compare match 1 1: Set OC0 on compare match PB3 must be setup for output

13. Signal patterns on OC0 CS-280 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 13 MAX=0xFF TOP ticks Counter value CTC Mode BOTTOM = 0x00 COM01:COM00 = 1:1 Set OC0 on compare match COM01:COM00 = 1:0 Clear OC0 on compare match COM01:COM00 = 0:1 Toggle OC0 on compare match

14. Interrupt frequency can be varied by modifying the value of OCR0 CS-280 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 14

15. CS-280 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 15 Review SFIOR – A/D Special Function Register ADC can be configured to perform A/D conversion based on Counter overflow or Output Comparator match