1. The Physics of Space Plasmas William J. Burke 19 December 2012 University of Massachusetts, Lowell Dynamics of the Equatorial Ionosphere

2. Equatorial Spread-F – Phase-screen transmission model – Rayleigh-Taylor approximation – Equatorial plasma bubbles – Generalized Rayleigh-Taylor modeling at NRL Ripple effects of Gulf War I – The Communications Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS) – Preparing for C/NOFS: Mission definition - DMSP Initiative – Global season-longitude climatologies – Pre-reversal electric fields in quiet and storm times C/NOFS launch April 2008: A new world revealed – Ground – space connections Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics Lecture 11

3. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics Ranging errors: need good electron density profile (EDP) model Sever scintillations occur at polar and equatorial magnetic latitudes but for very different reasons.

4. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics Rufenach, C. L. (1975), Ionospheric scintillation by a random phase screen: Spectral approach, Radio Sci, 10, 155-165. Equation for Fresnel length, the wavelength (1.2 meters), is equal to the speed of light divided by signal frequency; z is the altitude of the F-layer peak. There must be high spectral power at the ~1 km Fresnel length to produce 250 MHz scintillation

5. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics Log n i (cm -3 ) Height (km) DMSP C/NOFS nini nini  B v g = m i (g  B) / qB 2 j g = n i q v g j g = n i m i (g  B) / B 2 j g = (n i -  n i )m i (g  B) / B 2 +  P  E A  E A = (q g /  i ) (  n i /  P ) V E =  E A / B upwards if  E A eastwards  P = (n q / B) ( in /  i ) V E =  E A / B upwards if  E A eastwards  n i grows if  n i is upwards with a growth rate  = - (g / in )  log n i jgjg jgjg nini  B + - Balsley et al., Equatorial Spread F: Recent observations and a new interpretation, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 5625 – 5628, 1972. g

6. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics Woodman and La Hoz, Radar observations of F region equatorial irregularities, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 5447 – 5466, 1976.

7. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics Ott, E., Theory of Rayleigh-Taylor bubbles in the equatorial ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res. 83, 2066 – 2070, 1978. Showed that if E = E 0 +  E and we transform into a coordinate systems moving with a velocity V E = (E 0  B) / B 2 then we can define a parameter g’ = g - in V E. The growth rate for this generalized Rayleigh-Taylor instability becomes  = - (g’ / in )  log n i Showed that in the non-linear limit irregularities can grow into bubbles that penetrate into the topside ionosphere. In the now most famous unpublished paper in the history of ionospheric physics Haerendel argued that the R-T instability is no local, but involves entire flux tubes and that we must use  rather than  in calculating growth rates. Haerendel, G., Theory of equatorial spread F, Max-Planck-Institut für Physik und Astrophysik, Munich, 1974.

8. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics Scannapieco, A. J., and S. L. Ossakow (1976), Nonlinear equatorial spread F, Geophys. Res. Lett., 3, 451-454. Growth Rate Conductance Electric Field Magnetic Field Log Density Gradient Neutral Wind Gravity F layer E layer NRL Simulations R-T growth controlled by the variability of E, U n, Σ E, Σ F, v eff and, through flux-tube integrated quantities, by the F-layer’s height.

9. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics Schematic of Sq current system near 12:00 UT Pre-reversal enhancement signatures observed with Jicamarca ISR ROCSAT measurements of vertical plasma drifts: season - longitude Fejer, B. G., J. W. Jansen and S.-Y. Su (2008), Quiet time equatorial F region vertical plasma drift model drifts derived from ROCSAT-1 observations. J. Geophys. Res., 113, A05304. Scherliess, L., and B. G. Fejer (1997), Storm time dependence of equatorial disturbance dynamo zonal electric fields, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 24,037.

10. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics 10 In responses to challenges revealed during of Gulf war AFRL instituted a 4-pronged C/NOS program C/NOFS Satellite to fly in 13  inclined orbit Ground bases SCINDA network Computer modeling of equatorial ionosphere Utilize existing resources ROCSAT CHAMP DMSP DEMETER C/NOF S SCINDA

11. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics Ion Density 10 6 10 4 -70  70  -70  70  Fejer, B. G., J. W. Jensen, T. Kikuchi, M. A. Abdu, and J. L. Chau (2007), Equatorial ionospheric electric fields during the November 2004 magnetic storm, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A10304, doi:10.1029/2007JA012376.

12. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics M=0 M=1 M=2 M=3 South EQ North DMSP EPB Database 1989 - 2006 M-0 if dN  2 M-1 if 2 < dN  10 M-2 if 10 < dN  100 M-3 if dN > 100

13. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics Physics-based Model: Dynamics of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles PBMOD 3-D images of evolving plasma bubbles by altitude and longitude (left), altitude and latitude (right) C/NOFS observations on successive orbits of sustained plasma depletion regions support new PBMOD 3-D model development

14. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics Optical Signatures of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles In the mid 1980s Ed Weber of AFGL conducted a campaign in Brazil to look for EPB signatures in 6300 Å airglow. O + + e - O + hν Identified long black streaks as a lack of O+ ions that could recombine and emit photons. The GUVI and SSUSI sensors on TIMED and DMPS measure 1356 Å emissions, also a recombination line. Developed tomographic techniques to make 3D images of EPBs Comberiate, J., and L. J. Paxton (2010), Coordinated UV imaging of equatorial plasma bubbles using TIMED/GUVI and DMSP/SSUSI, Space Weather, 8, S10002.

15. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics Tsunoda, R. T. (1985), Control of the seasonal and longitudinal occurrence of equatorial scintillations by the longitudinal gradient in the integrated E-region Pedersen conductivity, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 447. Reflecting on a season-longitude variations of scintillation occurrence and R-T growth rates Roland Tsunoda suggested that rates should be high at the times of year when both ends of flux tube went into darkness simultaneously. The terminator line has a tilt angle  = 23.5 Sin[(day -  ) / 365] Compare DMSP EPB rates versus time/places where  = declination.

16. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics DMSP EPB Season- Longitude Climatology: Solar Maxima For solar maximum 1999 – 2002, EPB rates were fairly symmetric; high (40% - 51%) in the America-Atlantic-Africa sector both early and late in the year. During solar maximum 1989 - 1992, EPBs occurred throughout the year in the Atlantic-Africa sector; rates were highest (60% - 68%) from September to December. Black lines represent two days per year when/where terminator and declination align

17. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics 17 DMSP F14 and F15 EPB Rates: 2000 - 2004 F14 19.6 to 20.7 LT F15 21.3 to 21.5 LT

18. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics DMSP EPB Climatology: Solar Maximum and Minimum For solar maximum 1999 - 2002, EPB rates were high in America- Atlantic-Africa sector early and late in the year and significantly lower in Pacific sector in November. For solar minimum 1994 - 1997, EPB rates were generally < 5% including Pacific sector in November; highest rates (20% - 25%) were in the Atlantic-Africa sector in March.

19. DMSP EPB Climatology: Solar Maximum and Minimum For solar maximum 1999 - 2002, EPB rates were high in America- Atlantic-Africa sector early and late in the year and significantly lower in Pacific sector in November. For solar minimum 1994 - 1997, EPB rates were generally < 5% including Pacific sector in November; highest rates (20% - 25%) were in the Atlantic-Africa sector in March.

20. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics In 1993 as the solar cycle declined, EPB rates were higher in the Atlantic-Africa sector early in the year, from January through April. In 1998, as the solar cycle was increasing, EPB rates were higher in the America- Atlantic-Africa sector late in the year, Sept through Nov. DMSP EPB Rates: Transition Years 1993 and 1998

21. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics In 1993 as the solar cycle declined, EPB rates were higher in the Atlantic-Africa sector early in the year, from January through April. In 1998, as the solar cycle was increasing, EPB rates were higher in the America- Atlantic-Africa sector late in the year, Sept through Nov. DMSP EPB Climatology: Declining Phase of Solar Cycle

22. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics EPB rates were generally extremely low ( < 5%) in 2004 – 2006; highest rates (20% – 25%) were observed in the Atlantic during November. There were also several EPBs in the Pacific during the November 2004 storms. DMSP EPB Climatology: 2004 - 2006

23. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics Most dawn topside depletions were observed around the June (Atlantic) and December (Pacific) solstices Dawn Depletions: Solar Minimum 2008 – 2009 05:30 LT

24. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics Pfaff, R., et al. (2010), Observations of DC electric fields in the low ‐ latitude ionosphere and their variations with local time, longitude, and plasma density during extreme solar minimum, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A12324. No sign of pre-reversal enhancement Orbit 828 Burke, W J. et al. (2009), C/NOFS observations of plasma density and electric field irregularities at post- midnight local times, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L00C09.

25. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics C/NOFS and DMSP encountered extended dawn sector plasma depletions UT Glon Glat Alt C/NOF S F15F17 UT GLon GLat Alt UT GLon GLat Alt Irregularities extend more than 44° in latitude and 30° in longitude. F17 encountered depletions at 840 km ~ 1 hr after C/NOFS; F15 ~ 1.5 hrs after C/NOFS.

26. Equatorial Ionospheric Dynamics

27. 0200 0230 0300 UT 10. 1.0 0.1 10. 1.0 0.1 Freq. Hz B3AC E34 Fresnel length.75 km 7.50 km 75 km.75 km 7.50 km 75 km