1. ADDRESSES BASIC NEEDS Affordable housing is available to community residents Figs. 2.1-2.3. Percentage of people age 60+ who want to remain in their current residence and are confident they will be able to afford to do so Housing is modified to accommodate mobility and safety Figs. 3.1-3.4. Percentage of householders age 60+ in housing units with home modification needs The neighborhood is livable and safe Figs. 4.1-4.3. Percentage of people age 60+ who feel safe/unsafe in their neighborhood Figs. 5.1-5.9. Percentage of people age 60+ who report few/multiple problems in the neighborhood Figs. 6.1-6.3. Percentage of people age 60+ who are satisfied with the neighborhood as a place to live People have enough to eat Fig. 7.1. Percentage of people age 60+ who report cutting the size of or skipping meals due to lack of money Assistance services are available and residents know how to access them Figs. 8.1-8.3. Percentage of people age 60+ who do not know whom to call if they need information about services in their community Figs. 9.1-9.3. Percentage of people age 60+ who are aware/unaware of selected services in their community Figs. 10.1-10.5. Percentage of people age 60+ with adequate assistance in ADL and/or IADL activities

2. Percentage of people age 60+ who want to remain in their current residence and are confident they will be able to afford to do so Unweighted N=287 Weighted N=20,256 Unweighted N=300 Weighted N=21,059 Disagree 3% Agree* 96% Very Confident 55% Not Very Confident** 45% Neither/ DK/RF 1% We asked respondents whether they agree or disagree with the following statement: “What I’d really like to do is stay in my current residence for as long as possible.” For people who answered “agree” we calculated the percentage of adults age 60+ who were very confident/not very confident that they will be able to afford to live in their current residence for as long as they would like. *Agree includes those who said Strongly agree or Somewhat agree. **Not Very Confident includes those who said Somewhat confident, Not too confident, Not confident at all, Don’t know, or Refused. Figure 2.1, Indiana-Area 15 § Note: Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding and/or missing information. Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution. ‡

3. Percentage of people age 60+ who want to remain in their current residence and are confident they will be able to afford to do so,* by demographics Note: Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding and/or missing information. *Base includes those who want to remain in their current residence for as long as possible. **Not Very Confident includes those who said Somewhat confident, Not too confident, Not confident at all, Don’t know, or Refused. Unweighted N=287 Weighted N=20,256 Figure 2.2, Indiana-Area 15 § Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Total Age 60-64 Age 65-74 Men Women Age 75+ § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties.

4. Percentage of people age 60+ who want to remain in their current residence and are confident they will be able to afford to do so,* by demographics (cont’d) Note: Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding and/or missing information. *Base includes those who want to remain in their current residence for as long as possible. **Not Very Confident includes those who said Somewhat confident, Not too confident, Not confident at all, Don’t know, or Refused. Figure 2.3, Indiana-Area 15 § Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Total Education <HS Ex/vg/good health Education >HS Fair/poor health Live w/others Live alone Unweighted N=287 Weighted N=20,256 § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties.

5. Percentage of householders age 60+ in housing units with home modification needs* Unweighted N=50 Weighted N=3,659 Unweighted N=300 Weighted N=21,059 One or more modification needed 17% No modifications needed 83% Planning to modify 78% Not planning to modify *People were asked whether their current residence needs any significant repairs, modifications, or changes to improve their ability to live there over the next five years. *People who said that their homes need modification were asked if they plan to make the change over the next five years. Figure 3.1, Indiana-Area 15 § Note: Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding and/or missing information. 17% 5% DK/RF Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution. ‡ ‡

6. Type of modification needed Cosmetic/minor repairs Medical emergency response system Accommodations for disabilities Structural changes/ major repairs Better heating in the winter Better cooling in the summer Fix problem with insects/rodents Other Bathroom modification Figure 3.2, Indiana-Area 15 § Unweighted N=300 Weighted N=21,059 Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution. ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡

7. Percentage of householders age 60+ in housing units with home modification needs,* by demographics Unweighted N= 300 Weighted N= 21,059 Figure 3.3, Indiana-Area 15 § *People were asked whether their current residence needs any significant repairs, modifications, or changes to improve their ability to live there over the next five years. Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Total Age 60-64 Age 65-74 Men Women Age 75+ § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution. ‡ ‡

8. Percentage of householders age 60+ in housing units with home modification needs,* by demographics (cont’d) Figure 3.4, Indiana-Area 15 § *People were asked whether their current residence needs any significant repairs, modifications, or changes to improve their ability to live there over the next five years. Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Total Education <HS Ex/vg/good health Education >HS Fair/poor health Live w/others Live alone Unweighted N= 300 Weighted N= 21,059 § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution. ‡ ‡

9. Percentage of people age 60+ who feel safe/unsafe in their neighborhood* Unweighted N=300 Weighted N=21,059 Note: Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding and/or missing information. *People were asked whether safety in their neighborhood is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor. Figure 4.1, Indiana-Area 15 § Safety- Good 23% Safety- Excellent/Very Good 68% 8% Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Safety-Fair/poor § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. DK/RF <1% ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution. ‡

10. Percentage of people age 60+ who feel safe/unsafe in their neighborhood,* by demographics Note: Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding and/or missing information. Unweighted N= 300 Weighted N= 21,059 Figure 4.2, Indiana-Area 15 § *People were asked whether safety in their neighborhood is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor. Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Total Age 60-64 Age 65-74 Men Women Age 75+ § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution. ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡

11. Percentage of people age 60+ who feel safe/unsafe in their neighborhood,* by demographics (cont’d) Note: Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding and/or missing information. Figure 4.3, Indiana-Area 15 § *People were asked whether safety in their neighborhood is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor. Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Total Education <HS Ex/vg/good health Education >HS Fair/poor health Live w/others Live alone Unweighted N= 300 Weighted N= 21,059 § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution. ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡

12. Prevalence of Perceived Neighborhood Problems Streets need repair Distance from parks Traffic Not enough arts/culture Crime Poor public service Streets too dark People don’t get involved Public transportation Figure 5.1, Indiana-Area 15 § Distance from shopping Lack of affordable housing Rundown buildings Noise *People were read a list of fifteen neighborhood problems and were asked to indicate whether each item posed a big problem, small problem, or no problem in their neighborhood. Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Unweighted N= 300 Weighted N= 21,059 Traffic lights too few/too fast § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties.

13. Percentage of people age 60+ who report a problem with people who don’t get involved in the neighborhood, by demographics* Figure 5.2, Indiana-Area 15 § Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Total Age 60-64 Age 65-74 Men Women Age 75+ Unweighted N= 300 Weighted N= 21,059 *The top four neighborhood problems are analyzed by demographic characteristics. § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties.

14. Percentage of people age 60+ who report a problem with people who don’t get involved in the neighborhood, by demographics* (cont’d) Total Education >HS Education <HS Live w/others Ex/vg/good health Fair/poor health Figure 5.3, Indiana-Area 15 § Live alone Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Unweighted N= 300 Weighted N= 21,059 *The top four neighborhood problems are analyzed by demographic characteristics. § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties.

15. Percentage of people age 60+ who report a problem with not enough arts/culture in the neighborhood, by demographics* Figure 5.4, Indiana-Area 15 § *The top four neighborhood problems are analyzed by demographic characteristics. Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Total Age 60-64 Age 65-74 Men Women Age 75+ Unweighted N= 300 Weighted N= 21,059 § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties.

16. Percentage of people age 60+ who report a problem with not enough arts/culture in the neighborhood, by demographics* (cont’d) Total Education >HS Education <HS Live w/others Ex/vg/good health Fair/poor health Figure 5.5, Indiana-Area 15 § *The top four neighborhood problems are analyzed by demographic characteristics. Live alone Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Unweighted N= 300 Weighted N= 21,059 § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution.

17. Percentage of people age 60+ who report a problem with streets needing repair in the neighborhood, by demographics* Figure 5.6, Indiana-Area 15 § *The top four neighborhood problems are analyzed by demographic characteristics. Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Total Age 60-64 Age 65-74 Men Women Age 75+ Unweighted N= 300 Weighted N= 21,059 § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties.

18. Percentage of people age 60+ who report a problem with streets needing repair in the neighborhood, by demographics* (cont’d) Total Education >HS Education <HS Live w/others Ex/vg/good health Fair/poor health Figure 5.7, Indiana-Area 15 § *The top four neighborhood problems are analyzed by demographic characteristics. Live alone Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Unweighted N= 300 Weighted N=21,059 § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution.

19. Percentage of people age 60+ who report a problem with crime in the neighborhood, by demographics* Figure 5.8, Indiana-Area 15 § Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Total Age 60-64 Age 65-74 Men Women Age 75+ Unweighted N= 300 Weighted N= 21,059 *The top four neighborhood problems are analyzed by demographic characteristics. § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties.

20. Percentage of people age 60+ who report a problem with crime in the neighborhood, by demographics* (cont’d) Total Education >HS Education <HS Live w/others Ex/vg/good health Fair/poor health Figure 5.9, Indiana-Area 15 § *The top four neighborhood problems are analyzed by demographic characteristics. Live alone Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Unweighted N= 300 Weighted N= 21,059 § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution.

21. Percentage of people age 60+ who are satisfied with the neighborhood as a place to live* Unweighted N=300 Weighted N=21,059 Note: Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding and/or missing information. Figure 6.1, Indiana-Area 15 § Not Very Satisfied** 19% Very Satisfied 81% *People were asked how satisfied they are with their neighborhood as a place to live. **The category “Not very satisfied” includes those who said they were somewhat satisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied with their neighborhood. Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties.

22. Percentage of people age 60+ who are satisfied with the neighborhood as a place to live,* by demographics Note: Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding and/or missing information. Unweighted N= 300 Weighted N= 21,059 Figure 6.2, Indiana-Area 15 § *People were asked how satisfied they are with their neighborhood as a place to live. **The category “Not very satisfied” includes those who said they were somewhat satisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied with their neighborhood. Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Total Age 60-64 Age 65-74 Men Women Age 75+ § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution. ‡ ‡

23. Percentage of people age 60+ who are satisfied with the neighborhood as a place to live,* by demographics (cont’d) Total Note: Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding and/or missing information. Figure 6.3, Indiana-Area 15 § *People were asked how satisfied they are with their neighborhood as a place to live. **The category “Not very satisfied” includes those who said they were somewhat satisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied with their neighborhood. Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Education >HS Education <HS Live w/others Ex/vg/good health Fair/poor health Live alone Unweighted N= 300 Weighted N= 21,059 § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ ‡ ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution.

24. Percentage of people age 60+ who report cutting the size of or skipping meals due to lack of money* Note: Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding and/or missing information. Figure 7.1, Indiana-Area 15 § *People were asked if in the past 12 months they or another adult in their household cut the size of or skipped meals because there wasn’t enough money for food. Cut the size of or skipped meals Did not cut or skip meals 97% Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 3% Unweighted N=300 Weighted N= 21,059 § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. DK/RF <1% ‡ ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution. ‡

25. Percentage of people age 60+ who do not know whom to call if they need information about services in their community* Unweighted N=300 Weighted N=21,059 Note: Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding and/or missing information. Figure 8.1, Indiana-Area 15 § *People were asked to indicate the best resource, such as a person or an organization, in their city, town, or county to get information on various services. Do Not Know Whom to Call 31% Family/ Neighbors City/County/ Office of Aging/ Social Services/ Other Agency 34% Church/Synagogue 1% Other 2% Internet/Phone Book/ Other Media Senior Center 7% Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 5% Medical Center/Health Professional 15% 6% § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution. ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡

26. Percentage of people age 60+ who do not know whom to call if they need information about services in their community,* by demographics Unweighted N= 300 Weighted N= 21,059 Figure 8.2, Indiana-Area 15 § *People were asked to indicate the best resource, such as a person or an organization, in their city, town, or county to get information on various services. Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Total Age 60-64 Age 65-74 Men Women Age 75+ § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties.

27. Percentage of people age 60+ who do not know whom to call if they need information about services in their community,* by demographics (cont’d) Total Figure 8.3, Indiana-Area 15 § *People were asked to indicate the best resource, such as a person or an organization, in their city, town, or county to get information on various services. Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Education >HS Education <HS Live w/others Ex/vg/good health Fair/poor health Live alone Unweighted N= 300 Weighted N= 21,059 § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution.

28. Note: Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding and/or missing information. Senior Center Meals- on- wheels Visiting Nurse Special Trans- portation Hospice Congregate Meals Home Health Aide Home- maker Service Home Repair Service Respite Figure 9.1, Indiana-Area 15 § Percentage of people age 60+ who are aware/unaware of selected services in their community* *Respondents were asked whether these 10 services are available in their area. Unweighted N=300 Weighted N=21,059 Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution. ‡ ‡ ‡

29. Percentage of people age 60+ who are unaware of most selected services* in their community, by demographics Unweighted N=300 Weighted N=21,059 Figure 9.2, Indiana-Area 15 § *Most selected services is defined as 6 or more services. Respondents were asked whether the following 10 services exist in their community: Respite; Home repair service; Homemaker service; Home health aide; Congregate meals; Hospice; Senior center; Visiting nurse; Meals-on-wheels; Special transportation service. Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Total Age 60-64 Age 65-74 Men Women Age 75+ § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution. ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡

30. Percentage of people age 60+ who are unaware of most selected services* in their community, by demographics (cont’d) Total Unweighted N=300 Weighted N=21,059 Figure 9.3, Indiana-Area 15 § *Most selected services is defined as 6 or more services. Respondents were asked whether the following 10 services exist in their community: Respite; Home repair service; Homemaker service; Home health aide; Congregate meals; Hospice; Senior center; Visiting nurse; Meals-on-wheels; Special transportation service. Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Education >HS Education <HS Live w/others Ex/vg/good health Fair/poor health Live alone § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution. ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡

31. Percentage of people age 60+ with adequate assistance* in ADL and/or IADL activities Unweighted N=33 Weighted N=2,265 Unweighted N=300 Weighted N=21,059 No Limitations 89% One or More ADL/IADL 11% All Needs Are Met 41% One or More Unmet Need 59% Figure 10.1, Indiana-Area 15 § Note: Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding and/or missing information. *People were asked whether they need assistance with the following activities: ADLs- taking a bath or a shower, dressing, eating, getting in/out of bed/chair, using/getting to a toilet, getting around inside the home and IADLs-going outside the home, doing light housework, preparing meals, driving a car/using public transportation, taking the right amount of prescribed medication, keeping track of money and bills. *People who answered “yes” were asked whether they get enough assistance with these activities. Unmet need was defined as not getting help or not getting enough help for one or more ADLs and/or IADLs for which assistance was needed. Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ ‡

32. Percentage of people age 60+ who have one or more limitations with ADL and/or IADL activities,* by demographics Unweighted N=300 Weighted N=21,059 Figure 10.2, Indiana-Area 15 § *People were asked whether they need assistance with the following activities: ADLs- taking a bath or a shower, dressing, eating, getting in/out of bed/chair, using/getting to a toilet, getting around inside the home and IADLs-going outside the home, doing light housework, preparing meals, driving a car/using public transportation, taking the right amount of prescribed medication, keeping track of money and bills. Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Total Age 60-64 Age 65-74 Men Women Age 75+ § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution. ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡

33. Percentage of people age 60+ who have one or more limitations with ADL and/or IADL activities,* by demographics (cont’d) Total Unweighted N=300 Weighted N=21,059 Figure 10.3, Indiana-Area 15 § *People were asked whether they need assistance with the following activities: ADLs- taking a bath or a shower, dressing, eating, getting in/out of bed/chair, using/getting to a toilet, getting around inside the home and IADLs-going outside the home, doing light housework, preparing meals, driving a car/using public transportation, taking the right amount of prescribed medication, keeping track of money and bills. Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Education >HS Education <HS Live w/others Ex/vg/good health Fair/poor health Live alone § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution. ‡ ‡ ‡

34. Figure 10.4, Indiana-Area 15 § Percentage of people age 60+ with adequate assistance* in ADL and/or IADL activities, by demographics *People were asked whether they get help and if yes, whether they get enough help with each ADL/IADL activity. Unmet need was defined as not getting help or not getting enough help for one or more ADLs and/or IADLs for which assistance was needed. Base: People who have one or more ADL/IADL limitations. Note: Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding and/or missing information. Unweighted N=33 Weighted N=2,265 Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Total Age 60-64 Age 65-74 Men Women Age 75+ § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution. ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡‡ ‡ ‡ ‡‡

35. Total Figure 10.5, Indiana-Area 15 § Percentage of people age 60+ with adequate assistance* in ADL and/or IADL activities, by demographics (cont’d) *People were asked whether they get help and if yes, whether they get enough help with each ADL/IADL activity. Unmet need was defined as not getting help or not getting enough help for one or more ADLs and/or IADLs for which assistance was needed. Base: People who have one or more ADL/IADL limitations. Note: Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding and/or missing information. Source: AdvantAge Initiative Community Survey in Indiana 2008 Education >HS Education <HS Live w/others Ex/vg/good health Fair/poor health Live alone § Area 15 includes Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, and Washington Counties. Unweighted N=33 Weighted N=2,265 ‡ This percentage is based on fewer than 20 respondents (Unweighted N<20) and should be interpreted with caution. ‡‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡‡