1. Digital Divide University of the Philippines College of Education Educational Technology Department EDUC190 – Computers in Education Ferdinand B. Pitagan, PhD Professor of Education

2. Sharing your experience What kinds? – mobile phone, iPod, Wiki? Blogs (facebook, mixi..)? Skype? etc. For what? How often? individual differences?

3. The Gap Access Skills Knowledge Attitude ICT: information and communications technology Digital haves - Info rich Digital not haves - Info poor

4. Nations Generations Genders Ethnic groups “Education” Economic levels Social status Languages A series of Gaps Digital haves - Info rich Digital not haves - Info poor

5. Evolution of Digital Technologies 1) Provide opportunities 2) Create problems

6. Digital Technologies Changes in Society Education (Policies, Practices) Digital Divide Digital Opportunities

7. Why Digital Divide is an important issue….

8. Digital Divide a deepening of existing forms of exclusion Unemployed, poor, housebound, disabled, less educated, minorities Women/girls

9. Finding Facts

12. Internet World Statistics (2009) http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

15. Digital Divide at A Glance (ITU figures) less than 3 out of every 100 Africans 1 out of every 2 inhabitants of the G8 countries top 20 countries (Internet bandwidth) ---80% of all Internet users 30 countries with an Internet penetration of less than 1% 429 million Internet users in G8 444 million Internet users in non-G8 Mobile = 34% of the world’s total mobile users from G8 countries – 14% world population G8- Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the UK and the US

16. Digital Divide Economic factors Other factors Social factors (gender, race..) Cultural factors

17. Internet Users by Income level of country (2003) Asahi Statistics p.189 High-income : 65.5% Upper middle income : 7.8% Lower middle income : 21.5% Low-income : 5.6%

19. UCLA World Internet Project (2004) - Internet Users - Britain men 63.6; women 55.0 Germany men 50.4; women 41.7 Hungary men 20.3; women 15.1 Italy men 41.7; women 21.5 Japan men 54.7; women 46.2 Korea men 67.8; women 53.8 Macao men 37.8; women 28.8 Singapore men 47.2; women 34.0 Spain men 46.4; women 27.2 Sweden men 67.7; women 64.4 Taiwan men 25.1; women 23.5 United States men 73.1; women 69.0

20. “…86 percent of women ages 18 to 29 were online, compared with 80 percent of men in the same age group. “…among the older group, those age 65 and older, 34 percent of men are online, compared with 21 percent of women.” USA, Washingtonpost Thursday, December 29, 2005

21. White Paper on information and Telecommunications in Japan http://www.johotsusintokei.soumu.go.jp/whitepaper/eng/WP2002/press_information01.pdf

22. Japan Digital divide Age Computer anxiety Nigate-ishiki Computer experience Handwriting Language non-alphabet writing) Culture! Education!

23. Japan Regional gap Internet Use via Mobiles Generation gap - Old people People with disabilities Housewives

24. What do these mean?

25. Not easy to stop/lessen gaps Need for awareness Need for strong policies Need for international collaboration Need for education If we don’t do anything about it….

26. What can we do?

27. World Summit on the Information Society http://www.itu.int/wsis/tunis/newsroom/stats/Building-digital-bridges_2005.pdf 1.International Collaboration “UNDP etc – e Vietnamese Village” “Japan – Asian Broadband Project” 2. NGOs/Public sectors “Brazil – Tele-centers” 3. National Policies “Egypt – E-readiness Plan” “Korean Agency for Digital Opportunity” 4. Business Involvement “Sudan – SUDATEL” #### Individual efforts

28. - 8 key areas for policy suggested- 1.Access for all to HW & SW 2.Changed roles of teachers/learners 3.Promoting lifelong learning 4.Quality assurance 5.Enhanced citizenship 6.Brokering services and agencies 7.Support, encourage & direct research 8.Change in role of policy-maker in education World Summit on the Information Society

29. Free discussion - What do you think? “Teachers should be trained and retrained to effectively and efficiently use ICT in teaching and management!” – from digital divide/opportunities perspective Singapore and Korea -Training, retraining every 3 yrs -30% of teaching hours/curriculum - ICT use in teacher evaluation - All classrooms connected to the high-speed Internet

30. Digital Opportunities ICT, helping to overcome some forms of exclusion Distance learning to remote areas Village tele-centers with ICT Maori education in NZ

31. Lifelong society Digital technologies

32. Education Youth, prepare for changing world Adults, enable to participate in this world Everyone, continue to update

33. Do you see any Digital Divide in Education??

34. Digital Divide in Education -Digital divide in investment (input) -Digital divide in ICT use (process) -Digital divide in people (output)

35. 1. Digital Divide in Investment Input Factors Hardware, Materials (software), Connectivity; Integration of ICT in curriculum; Supports; Policies

36. Computer equipment in schools Source: Japan, MEXT (2005) # of students per computer % of the Internet access (school) % of the Internet access (classroom) Elementary9.699.9 48.8 (average) Lower Secondary 6.999.9 Upper Secondary 5.599.9

37. “why is it important to understand and lesson digital divide in investment in formal education?”

38. “Schools or educational institutions can play a compensatory equalising role.”

39. 2. Digital Divide in ICT Use Process Factors Different approaches to ICT use - Used for advanced applications and thinking? - Used for basic skill training? - Used for computer games?

40. University Faculty’s Use of ICT in Teaching Source: Japan, NIME (2003) 9.3 12.0 13.8 13.0 28.1 13.7 14.3 22.6 25.4 0.8 0.9 16.3 020406080100 Posting lecture video on web Posting instructional materials on web Students report submission by email Presentation tools Q & A by email Administrative communication by email used always used often

41. As a presentation tool? As a simple communication tool? As an administrative tool? As a problem-solving tool? As a creation tool? As a research tool?

42. Gaps between teachers and students, among teachers and among students in terms of Skills & Knowledge Ways of using ICT Attitude

43. 3. Digital Divide in Different Groups “What is more important is to empower people……..” (Week2-reading#1 “Learning to bridge the DD - p.56)” Human (Outcome) Factors Digital literacy? - ICT skills / knowledge - confidence - competencies

44. ICT Skills (University, Perception) Source: NIME (2003) “I do not have adequate ICT skills and knowledge” - More faculty than students - More older people than younger ones - More people in humanities and social sciences than those in natural sciences and engineering

45. Some policies (Education) 1.USA – “E-rate program” 2.EU- “eLearning Action Plan” 3.Japan - “Millennium Project”, “E-Japan Strategy” 4. Romania – “Multipurpose Community Telecenters”

46. Digital divide in informal learning (more learning happens outside schools) Home differences Differences at work Differences in communities

47. Digital Divide Understanding the issue from various perspectives - As a teacher in the future - As a university student “To make ICT used and useful”

48. Group Activity DIGITAL DIVIDE in the PHILIPPINES

49. NEXT MEETING Approaches in using media for instruction