2. Plague Doctor 1656

3. 2000 Global HIV/AIDS Estimates Children and Adults People living with HIV/AIDS New HIV infections in 2000 Deaths due to HIV/AIDS in 2000 Cumulative number of deaths due to HIV/AIDS 36.1 million 5.3 million 3.0 million 21.8 million

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6. HIV/AIDS comes to China NY Times 5/27/01

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11. 00001-E-26– 27 June 2000 Reduction in production in a household wi th an AIDS death, Zimbabwe Crops l Maize l Cotton l Vegetables l Groundnuts l Cattle owned Reduction in output 61% 47% 49% 37% 29% Source:Stover&Bollinger, 1999

12. HIV/AIDS Prevention Condoms- accessible, cheap Sex education, early & often Counseling, testing Prevent mother to child transmission Reduce harm of drug use Access to care, treatment

13. PREVENTABLE DEATHS 9MeaslesChild vaccination 98% 9MalariaPesticide bednets 50% 9TuberculosisDOT-S 60% 9DiarrheasOral rehydration 90% 9PneumoniasAppropriate antibiotics 90% 9HIV/AIDSCondoms, sex ed, etc 70%

14. Costs of Prevention Strategies Intervention Cost-$/person Effectiveness Tuberculosis Rx $20 95% HIV-condoms 1 yr$14 99% Malaria- bednets $00.05 50% Diarrhea- salts,H 2 0 $00.33 99% Pneumonia- antibiotics $00.27 90% Measles- vaccine $00.26 98% Total cost to prevent infectious diseases-$7 billion

15. Which way will the world turn? Will the nations of the earth make the resources available: “To prevent disease in the weakest to protect the strongest” ? ?

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17. 00001-E-13– 27 June 2000 HIV prevalence in military personnel in Africa l Nigeria: 11% among peacekeepers returning from Sierra Leone and Liberiavs 5% in adult population l South Africa: 60-70% in military vs 20% in adult population Source:Nigeria AIDS bulletin No 15, May 20, 2000;The Mail & Guardian, Pretoria, March 31, 2000; UNAIDS/WHO 1999 estimate

18. Life Expectancy at Birth (both sexes, years) Area1995-20002010-20152045-2050 World 65.0 68.7 76.0 Japan 80.5 81.5 88.0 France 78.1 80.3 84.0 USA 76.5 79.2 82.6 China 69.8 73.5 79.0 Russia 66.1 69.3 76.9 Sierra Leone 37.3 40.5 61.5

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20. Life Expectancy at Birth (both sexes, years) Area 1995-2000 World 65.0 Japan 80.5 France 78.1 USA 76.5 China 69.8 Russia 66.1 Afghanistan 47.0 Sierra Leone 37.3

21. Infant Mortality Rate (infant deaths per 1000 live births) Area1995-20002010-20152045-2050 World 59.6 43.4 19.4 Japan 3.5 3.3 2.5 France 5.5 4.6 3.6 USA 7.6 5.8 4.4 Russia 16.7 14.0 7.2 China 41.4 28.6 13.3 Sierra Leone 165.4 124.0 53.9

22. Infant Mortality Rate (infant deaths per 1000 live births) Area 1995-2000 World 59.6 Japan 3.5 France 5.5 USA 7.6 Russia 16.7 China 41.4 Afghanistan 165.0 Sierra Leone 165.4

23. Reduction in maternal mortality(%) from hand washing with a chlorine solution- Semmelweis,PI 1861

24. Semmelweis before and after insisting on hand disinfection with chlorine and lime