1. MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS Madagascar vs. Ecuador Justin Klumker Bo Dayton

2. #1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER Madagascar  81.29% of population living on $1.25 or less  92.62% living on $2.00 or less  Already one of the poorest countries in the world, Madagascar’s % of population living under the poverty line continues to climb, partly due to the rising political strife overcoming the country. MADAGASCAR Despite the big oil boom in Ecuador, poverty still remains prevalent. The distribution of wealth in Ecuador is highly skewed and almost four million Ecuadorians live in poverty. This amounts to about 32% of the population. Through statistics it looks as though Ecuador will decrease its poverty to about 25% by 2015. I think the biggest problem is the unequal distribution of money in this country. I think that this contributes to education and also lack of jobs in Ecuador. ECUADOR

3. #2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION MADAGASCAR  Number of children enrolled in primary school has increased from almost 2.5 million in 2001-2002, to nearly 4.5 million in 2008-2009  Despite the increase, youth literacy rates have gone down from 70% in 2000, to 65% in 2008. This graph shows government spending on education as a % of its’ total spending. The funding is decreasing.  In Ecuador the percentage of enrollment in primary education has been increasing since 1990.  I feel as though with education Ecuador is progressing and achieving what the set out to achieve.  The problem I see is enrollment drops in higher education. This could be because of so many students and lack of qualified teachers to teach them all. ECUADOR

4. #3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN  Ranked 151 out of 186 countries on the Gender Inequality Index.  The ratio of women to men in Parliament is 0.138, meaning that for every male, there are.138 females. Same trend goes for all government positions.  Equality in school is much better: With enrollment around 1 to 1 for primary education, and 1.05 to 1 for secondary education.  Ranked 120 in Women’s Economic Opportunity 2012 rankings table. MADAGASCAR  Ecuador is increasing its equality of men and woman in their country. They have made discrimination illegal to discriminate against woman, and have developed a council called, “The council of Equality” to promote this.  The percentage of woman under 18 getting married is 22% compared to the 7% of men, but considering all, discrimination is being done away with. ECUADOR

5. #4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY RATES  Under 5 mortality rates have decreased from 159 out of 1,000 in 1990, to 62 out of 1,000 in 2010, a change of 15.9% to 6.2%.  Infant (under 1) mortality rates have also decreased: 9.7% to 4.3%. MADAGASCAR Mortality rate under 5; per 1,000 births  Ecuador seems to be doing very well with decreasing the amount of infant deaths and children under 5 years old. This has a great deal to do with the knowledge in medicine, as well as improved hospitals. Ecuador continues to grow in this area. Though conditions are not optimal, I believe they will continue to grow in this area as education is enforced and increased. With education, poverty will decrease, decreasing the number of children placed in hospitals, as well as the conditions of hospitals because of better trained personnel. ECUADOR

6. #5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH  Skilled birth attendance is said to be 44% but the competencies of those 44% are not checked regularly.  Maternal mortality remains high at 240 per 100,000 live births in 2010, compared to 710 in 1990.  Only 21 percent of births are medically monitored, and 66.4 percent take place at home. MADAGASCAR ECUADOR  Ecuador is doing very well in this category. The majority of their births are happening with skilled professionals present. This is a great sign, because this means that education is increasing and more and more professionals of different fields are available. This, overall, is a very good sign for Ecuador.

7. #6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA, & OTHER DISEASES  Infection rate of 0.20%.  24,000 out of 12,238,900 citizens are infected with HIV.  An estimated 1,700 people die each year from HIV/AIDS.  There are approximately 11,000 orphans living in Madagascar because of HIV/AIDS. MADAGASCAR ECUADOR  For years, since 1990, Ecuador’s HIV/aids was low, but in the last few years it has increased. This is one area where Ecuador needs to improve.

8. #7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY  From 1990 to 2008, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions increased from 986 to 1911 metric tons.  Per capita, it has increased from.0875 metric tons in 1990, to.1 in 2008.  Protected areas have almost tripled, however, from 1984 to 1996, an average of 1.5 million acres of jungle were burned per year as a result of slash-and-burn agriculture. Land area covered by forest in % MADAGASCAR ECUADOR  Ecuador is doing pretty well with this developmental goal. I served my mission in Ecuador and there were constantly going by trucks with clean water to buy, which was very cheap. They are improving the clean water availability by much.

9. #8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT  World Bank had a $600 million commitment to Madagascar through 21 active International Development Association projects.  The U.S. increased its’ aid from $15 million in 1989 to $40 million in 1993.  In March 2005, Madagascar was the first beneficiary of development aid offered by the United States in a plan aimed at rewarding countries who are putting forth market reforms and advocating democracy.  Madagascar became the first country with a Millennium Challenge Account compact when it signed an agreement worth $110 million in April 2006 MADAGASCAR ECUADOR The target of this goal consists of:  Cooperate with private sector.  Make technology available for individuals.  Pay and fix the amount of debt problems, both national and international. Make debt sustainable.  In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth.

10. SUMMARY  Overall, I would say that Madagascar is doing better than how they were doing a few decades ago. Citizens are poorer, HIV/AIDS is more prevalent, CO2 emissions are up, and millions of acres of forest have been burnt. However, the number of kids in school has increased, child and infant mortality rates are down, and the country is getting help from outside sources. I believe that as kids continue to go to school and get educated, the negatives that plague the country will eventually turn to positives, and Madagascar will become a much safer and healthier place. MADAGASCAR  Ecuador has done a very good job at working on improving their millennium development goals. They have accomplished a number of their goals, and though challenging, can still accomplish their other ones if they do not waiver from their commitment to improve them. Ecuador is a developing country doing their best to improve themselves. From what I have seen through research they have made a lot of progress and continue to do so, which will help not only help themselves but also other countries that associate with them. ECUADOR