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2.  Chapter 8 covers pages 209-243  Objective  Explain need for compounding  Know equipment needed for compounding  Know techniques for compounding  Explain how to mix solids and semi-solids 2

3. On demand preparation of a prescribed drug to meet unique needs of patients. Requires special knowledge of physical and chemical properties of drugs and their vehicles (chemistry). Rapid growth related to orphan drugs, biotechnology, home health care, and unavailability of other drugs. 3

4.  Pediatric patients  Allergies to dyes  Hospice patients  TPN  Off-label use  Dermatological formulas  Need medication in liquid form that is only available in pill form  Medications for animals 4

5.  Manufacturing: production, propagation, conversion, or processing of a drug or device, either directly or indirectly, by extraction of the drug from substances of natural origin or by means of chemical or biological synthesis.  Compounding: preparation, mixing, assembling, altering, packaging, and labeling of a drug or device in accordance with a licensed practitioner’s prescription, medication order, or an initiative based on the practitioner/ patient/ pharmacist/ compounder relationship in the course of professional practice. 5

6. o Chapter pertains to compounding non- sterile formulations o Chapter pertains to compounding sterile formulations o Contains monographs of the most commonly compounded preparations used in pharmacy practice. 6

7.  USP- NF establishes standards of quality, strength, purity, packaging, and labeling for medications.  Regulations for personnel, facilities and equipment, and ingredients.  Ingredients have levels of purity (page 212). 7

8.  Quality Assurance and Quality Control  Packaging and Storage (storage temp definitions listed on page 213)  Documentation and Record Keeping  Stability and Beyond-Use Dates 8

9.  Things to consider when compounding???  See list on page 215  Whether to compound  Before compounding  While compounding  After compounding 9

10.  Items you could need:  Balance  Weights  Cylinders  Flasks  Pipets  Syringes  Droppers  Mortars and pestles  Sieves  Spatulas  Hot Plates  Ointment slabs 10

11.  Equipment is covered on pages 216- 229  Will need to determine correct piece of equipment for compounding based on substance weight and type of substance.  Each piece of equipment will have different sensitivity levels. 11

12.  Aqueous Solutions  Vehicle  sonication  Syrups  Nonaqueous Solutions  Elixirs, tinctures, spirits, fluid extracts, glycerates, collodions, liniments, oleaginous solutions  Suspensions  Flocculating agents  Thickening agents 12

13.  Flavorings  Sweeteners  Coloring  Clear: inert, lack potency  Dark colors: rejected related to poisons  Should make flavors; i.e. strawberry flavor – pink color  Page 233 13

14.  Emulsions  Emulsifiers  Ointments  Suppositories  Capsules  Tablets 14

15.  Range from 000 to 5  Size 000 is the largest / holds the most medicine  Size 5 is the smallest / holds the least medicine 15