1. RISING: Rare Isotope Spectroscopic INvestigation at GSI CEA Saclay CSNSM Orsay GANIL Caen IPN Orsay CLRC Daresbury Univ. Keele Univ. Liverpool Univ. Manchester Univ. Paisley Univ. Surrey Univ. York FZ Juelich FZ Rossendorf GSI Darmstadt HMI Berlin LMU Muenchen MPI Heidelberg TU Darmstadt Univ. Bonn Univ. Koeln KU Leuven Univ. Milano INFN Genova INFN Legnaro INFN/Univ. Napoli INFN/Univ. Padova Univ. Camerino Univ. Firenze KTH Stockholm Univ. Lund Univ. Uppsala NBI Copenhagen IFJ Krakow IPJ Swierk Univ. Krakow Univ. Warszawa Australian Nat. Univ., Canberra M. Górska, GSI Darmstadt OPEN COLLABORATION Univ. Santiago de Compostela Univ. Madrid Univ. Valencia IFIN, Bucharest

2. Introduction RISING nuclear structure goals isospin symmetry shell evolution far from stability astrophysical interests Experimental tools Results on exotic nuclei Future at FAIR Outline

3. rp-Process Novae and X-ray bursts r-Process and Supernovae Sp=0Sp=0 S n =0 RISING: Nuclear structure interest N=Z Shell evolution/quenching Isospin competition/symmetry |T z |=T =1: I π =0 + T=0 : I π =1 + or (2j) + Neutron number Proton number

4. Shell structure: Experimental evidence for magic numbers close to stability 2 1 + state at higher energy low value of B(E2: 2 1 + →0 + ) transition probability Nuclei with magic number of neutrons/protons have If we move away from stability?

5. Shell evolution away from stability j>j> j<j< j’ < proton neutron j’ > 32 12 Mg 20 T. Otsuka et al., PRL 87, 082502 (2001) T. Otsuka et al., PRL 95, 232502 (2005) 40 20 Ca 20

6. Shell quenching for very n-rich nuclei Potential shape: Wood Saxon (WS) → Harmonic Oscillator (HO) T.R. Werner, J. Dobaczewski, W. Nazarewicz, Z. Phys. A358 (1997) 169 stable nucleus neutron rich nucleus need for radioactive nuclear beams

7. Primary beam/reaction selection

8. Accelerator facility at GSI The Accelerators: UNILAC (injector) E=11.4 MeV/n SIS 18Tm corr. U 1 GeV/n Beam Currents: 238 U - 10 8 pps some medium mass nuclei- 10 9 pps (A~130) FRS provides secondary radioactive ion beams: fragmentation or fission of primary beams high secondary beam energies: 100 – 700 MeV/u fully stripped ions γ spectroscopy setup:

9. Secondary beam production selection identification reaction spectroscopy identification 35m Bρ - ∆E - Bρ CATE SI-CsI <1GeV/u 100-700MeV/u

10. RISING experiment types “beam cocktail” or almost pure beam ( 238 U fission fragments recorded at the FRS) experiments at β=0.5-0.7 decay experiments Each type of experiments requires a dedicated Ge-detector arrangement !

11. Ge Cluster beam Target chamber CATE RISING  -array for fast beams RISING  -array for fast beams Ge Miniball Typically: 100MeV/u, ε  =0.06, ∆E  /E  =0.02

12. Secondary beam and fragment ID before the targetafter the target Y X Z A/Q Y X EE E

13. Scattering angle E  [keV] Counts 84 Kr (113 AMeV) + Au (0.4 g/cm 2 ) E  [keV] Counts 882 84 Kr 2 +  0 + FWHM ~ 1.5 % pp   MW CATE SiCsI Target  reaction selection   -ray Doppler shift correction

14. Radioactive beam Coulomb excitation T.R. Saito et.al. submitted to PRC First observation of a second excited 2 + state populated in a Coulomb experiment at 100AMeV using RISING 2 1 + 0 + 2 2 + 0 + 2 2 + 2 1 + 136 Nd Energy [keV] Counts 10% error bar in B(E2)

15. RISING: Fast beam campaign - physics focus (submitted to EPJA) (PLB) 2005 Coulex in n-rich Cr isotopes Pigmy resonance in n-rich nuclei Coulex in nuclei towards 100 Sn Spectroscopy of mirror nuclei (A~50) via two-step fragmentation (PRC) 2005 Coulex in triaxial nuclei 136 Nd (submitted to PRC) PRL in preparation Spectroscopy of 36Ca via two-step fragmentation (PLB in print) convener: P. Reiter, University of Cologne

16. GXPF1 KB3G GXPF1A New Shell gap ? Courtesy: T. Otsuka E(2 + ) Shell evolution: Cr isotopes Prediction of new subshell closures in N=32,34

17. Coulomb excitation in N=30-34 Cr A. Bürger et al., Phys. Lett B622, 29 (2005) Calculations: GXPF1:T. Otsuka et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 082502 (2001) GXPF1A:T. Otsuka et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 13,69 (2002) KB3G:E. Caurier et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 15, 145 (2002)

18. Mirror (Isospin) symmetry in T=2 36 S – 36 Ca 14 O 16 O 14 C N=Z Is N=20 shell quenching in 32 Mg 20 symmetric in isospin projection T z ? - shell evolution - small neutron binding energy

19. 36 Ca E(2 + ) in secondary fragmentation P. Doornenbal PhD thesis, Phys. Lett. B, in print 3015(16) keV MED: ∆E M = E x (I, T z =-T) – E x (I, T z =+T) = 36 Ca E(2+) - 36 S E(2+) = - 276(16) keV !!! I In agreement with USD 1 calculation using ESPE from 17 O and 17 F Reason for the displacement: structure - reduction of Z=20 shell gap coupling to continuum ( small proton binding energy) [1] B.A. Brown, B.H. Wiedenthal: Ann. Rev. of Nucl. Part. Sci. 38, 29 (1988) 2+2+

20. Experiments with Stopped Beams production selection identification stopping spectroscopy Ge- array

21. Stopped Rising Array @ GSI: 15 x 7 element CLUSTERs ε γ =11% at 1.3 MeV, 20% at 550 keV, 35% at 100 keV flight time ~300ns

22. RISING: Stopped beams focus Convenor: P. Regan, University of Surrey PRL, in prep. Nature, submitted PRL, in prep.

23. Gamma Energy-Time Correlations D. Rudolph, Lund University

24. Mirror pair 54 Ni and 54 Fe D. Rudolph, Lund University

25. Langanke, K. & Martínez-Pinedo, G. Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 819-862 (2003) 2+::Kautzsch, T. et al. Eur. Phys. J. A 9, 201-206 (2000)  Dillman et al., PRL, 91, 162503 (2003) Astrophysics relevance for n-rich nuclei 204 Pt 130 Cd

26. 2.59 2.61 2.63 2.65 2.67 2.69 2.71 130 Cd from fission and fragmentation Lucia Caceres and Ewa Werner-Malento PhD theses A. Jungclaus et al., Nature, submitted  -coincidences

27. 130 Cd level scheme and A -1 scaling SM: F. Nowacki, G. Martínez-Pinedo et al.

28. 204 78 Pt 126 : 4 proton holes in 208 Pb experiment and theory Zs. Podolyák, Surrey University Problems: states with πd 5/2 1 order of πd 3/2 -1 h 11/2 -1 and πs 1/2 -1 h 11/2 -1 → description of the observed states requires SPE or INT modification ? 206 Hg 80 126 204 Pt 78 126

29. g-RISING factors of isomeric beams (TPAD) Oct.- Dec. 2005 Convener: G. Neyens, K.U. Leuven

30. TDPAD715 keV E2 E1 M2 First g-factor results ν suggested configuration: (νh11/2  1  5  )19/2+  g exp   0.16 g emp (νs 1/2  1 h 11/2  2 ) =  0.15 g emp (νg 7/2  1 h 11/2  2 ) =  0.23 D. Balabalnski et al., University of Sofia

31. Stopped Beam - Active Stopper P.H. Regan (convenor) implantation-particle decay correlation 3 double-side silicon-strip detectors - surface 5x5 cm 2 - thickness 1 mm - 2 x 16 3.125 mm strips - manufactured by MICRON

32. New result from yesterday evening 190 Ta : ion gated  delayed  -ray spectrum 2 + in 190 W T 1/2 ~ 16s P. Regan et al., University of Surrey

33. UNILAC SIS FRS ESR SIS 100/300 HESR Super FRS NESR CR RESR The Future International Facility at GSI: FAIR - Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research 100 m Hadron Physics with antiprotons NUclear STructure, Astrophysics and Reactions with radioactive beams Plasma Physics with compressed ion beams & high- intensity (petawatt) laser Nuclear Matter Physics with 35-45 GeV/u HI beams High EM Field (HI) --- Fundamental Studies (HI & p) Applications (HI)

34. Expected rates of rare isotope beams at FAIR SFRS facility 300: 300

36. Physics Example: the Zr isotopes (Z=40) T.R. Werner, J. Dobaczewski, W. Nazarewicz, Z. Phys. A358 (1997) 169 90 Zr 50 104 Zr 64 110 Zr 70 122 Zr 82 spherical deformed (β=0.45) spherical ? Coulomb excitation Decay Lifetime: >1 s 1.2 s <1 s 32/s 0.05/day

37. NUSTAR@FAIR HISPEC DESPEC (fast, slow beams) (stopped beams) Selectivity and sensitivity improvement ~10 3 Magnetic Spectrometer AGATA + ancillary detectors NEUTRON DETECTOR GE γ-ARRAY RADIOACTIVE BEAM

38. Summary 2003-2005 Scattering experiments: shell evolution in neutron rich and neutron deficient nuclei isospin symmetry around N=Z shapes collective excitations 2005 g-RISING: magnetic moment measurements 2006 Decay experiments: many new isomeric states! reaching r-process path 2007 Active stopper – first results! Future: experiments at FAIR/SFRS: e.g. >110 Zr...HISPEC/DESPEC Towards new phenomena at the limits of nuclear existence!

39. Collaboration A. Banu(Texas I&M), C. Fahlander(Lund), D. Rudolph (Lund), A. Poves(Madrid), F. Nowacki(Strasbourg), A. Bürger(Bonn), P. Reiter(IKP Köln), H. Hübel(Bonn), P. Doornenbal(GSI/Köln), P.Regan(Surrey), H. Grawe(GSI), L.Caceres(GSI/Madrid), A. Bracco(Milan), J. Jolie(Köln), P. Nolan(Daresbury), F. Camera(Milan), G. Neyens(Leuven), D. Balabanski(Sofia), S. Steer(Surrey), R. Hoischen(Lund), T. Otsuka(Tokyo), S. Pietri(Surrey), M. Hjorth-Jensen(Oslo), A. Garnworthy(Surrey), A. Jungclaus(Madrid), M. Pfützner(Warsaw), Zs. Podolyak(Surrey), E. Werner-Malento(GSI/Warsaw), H.J. Wollersheim (GSI), J.Gerl (GSI)...and many others For the RISING collaboration