1. Review for Test Electromagnetic Spectrum & Nuclear Chemistry

2. Electromagnetic Spectrum Understand that the longer the wavelength, the shorter the frequency (inversely proportional). The greater the frequency, the higher the energy (directly proportional) (see the diagrams you were given) Rank EM radiation in decreasing or increasing order of wavelength, frequency, and/or energy (see diagrams handed out)

3. Calculations Be able to manipulate the following equations to solve for various variables c = λvwhere c = speed of light 3.00 x 10 8 m/s λ is wavelength (m) v = frequency (hz or 1/s) E = hvwhere h = 6.626 x 10 -34 J s E = energy (J) v = frequency (hz or 1/s) E = hc λ

4. Summary Nuclear Radiation can be naturally occurring or man-made Most of radiation we are exposed to is naturally occurring – alpha rays Alpha Radiation – weakest (blocked by skin, paper, or cloth) Beta Radiation – medium (blocked by wood or foil) Gamma Radiation – strongest (blocked by lead or concrete) *See graphic organizer / table Key Nuclear Science Pioneers – Henri Beckerel, Marie and Pierre Curie

5. Summary How to Write Nuclear Notation Symbols for: Beta ParticlesAlpha Particles PositronsNeutrons Gamma Rays γ Atomic Mass Atomic No. Element symbol 1n01n0

6. Summary Balancing Nuclear Equations (Law of Conservation of Mass) Coefficients can only be added in front of nuclear particles (alpha particles, beta particles, positrons, neutrons, gamma particles)

7. SUMMARY - Half-Life Calculations How to calculate number of half-lives (1/2 x ½ x…) or 1/amount remaining (as decimal or fraction) = 2 n where n = no. half-lives remember percent remaining = 100 – percent decayed How to calculate how old something is (no. of half- lives x time per half-life) Calculate amount remaining (A) after a certain number of half-lives A = Ao (where Ao = original amount) 2 n (where n = no. of half-lives) Calculate percentage remaining __1_x 100% 2 n (where n = no. of half-lives)

8. Summary –Describe the difference between: –fission (splitting atoms) 3 steps –Initiation –Propagation –Production of large amounts of energy –fusion (combining nuclei) –Describe the pros and cons of fission and fusion –Identify examples –Examples of beneficial and harmful radiation sources Power generation Medical imaging, diagnostics, disease treatments Food safety Other – historical dating, smoke detectors, etc. –Know what percentage of US and world energy comes from nuclear material. Know the country that leads in nuclear usage.