2. Design & Selection of Systems for Best Heat Release P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department Supply of Sufficient Oxygen for Digestion ….. Sizing of Hard Ware As per the Need…. To Understand the Complex Relation between Fuel & Combustion Mode….

3. Space for innovation - infinite in pollutants non-equilibriumPollutants are a non-equilibrium effect Burn: Fuel + O 2 + N 2  H 2 O + CO 2 + N 2 + CO + UHC + NO On A Faster Expansion: CO + UHC + NO “frozen” at high level With slow expansion, no heat loss: CO + UHC + NO  H 2 O + CO 2 + N 2 But how to slow the expansion and eliminate heat loss? Worst problems: cold start, transients, old or out-of-tune vehicles. 90% of pollution generated by 10% of vehicles !!!!

4. Space for innovation - very little in power  IC engines are air processors  Fuel takes up little space  Air flow = power  Limitation on air flow due to  “Choked” flow past intake valves  Friction loss, mechanical strength - limits RPM  Slow burn

5. The Ideal Artifical Horse 1824: Sadi Carnot, who founded the science of thermodynamics, identified several fundamental ideas that would be incorporated in later internal combustion engines: –1. He noted that air compressed by a ratio of 15 to 1 would be hot enough (200°C) to ignite dry wood. – 2. He recommended compressing the air before combustion. Fuel could then be added by "an easily invented injector". – 3. Carnot realized that the cylinder walls would require cooling to permit continuous operation. Later, Diesel thought he could avoid this, but found out the hard way. – 4. He noted that usable heat would be available in the exhaust, and recommended passing it under a water boiler.

6. Area of Power Cycle Vs Supply of Air 17 % Extra 80% Extra 20% Less 26% Less

7. Heat Release Rate What is the optimal air/fuel ratio?

8. Industrial Experience : SI Engines

9. Generalized Theory of Extent of Reaction Possible Extent of Reaction Entropy of Universe P 1,T 1 P 2,T 2 P 3,T 3

10. EQUILIBRIUM An isolated mixture with conservative amounts of substance n i tends to reach an equilibrium state defined by its entropy S(U,V,ni) being a maximum. In absence of external fields, that the temperature T=  U/  S, pressure p=T  S/  V, and chemical potential for each conservative species  i =-T  S/  ni, are uniform at equilibrium in absence of external forces.

11. Universal Law for Completion of Reaction For every fuel, a designer should know all possible reactants !!! Some products will influence the efficiency of reaction. Few other may not influence the efficiency of reaction but severely affect the environment. The optimal parameters for efficient reaction may not be optimal for safe reaction !! End of Reaction for an adiabatic system:

12. Hydro carbon Chemistry & Classification of Crude Oils Paraffin based crudes (a waxy residue) Asphalt based crudes (an asphalt type residue) Mixed type-based crudes ( a combination residue) Components of Crude Oils. Paraffins (C n H (2n+2) ) Olefins Aromatics Ultimate Analysis C : 84 -- 87% ; H : 11 -- 16% ; O : 0.3 -- 1.8% ; N : 0.1 -- 1.5% ; S : 0.1 -- 3%

13. Fuel Model Ultimate Analysis : Gravimetric C : 84 -- 87% ; H : 11 -- 16% ; O : 0.3 -- 1.8% ; N : 0.1 -- 1.5% ; S : 0.1 -- 3% Percentage of carbon : x --- Number of moles, X = x/12 Percentage of hydrogen : y --- Number of atomic moles, Y = y/1 Percentage of oxygen: k --- Number of atomic moles, K = k/16 Percentage of sulfur: z – Number of atomic moles, Z = z/32 Equivalent chemical formula : C X H Y S Z O K Equivalent Molecular weight : 100 gms. Liquid and gaseous fuels generally have very little sulfur, oxygen and moisture. Generally popular chemical formulae: C X H Y

14. Fuel Model Ultimate Analysis of fuel: Gravimetric C : 84 -- 87% ; H : 11 -- 16% ; O : 0.3 -- 1.8% ; N : 0.1 -- 1.5% ; S : 0.1 -- 3% Percentage of carbon : x --- Number of moles, X = x/12 Percentage of hydrogen : y --- Number of atomic moles, Y = y/1 Percentage of oxygen: k --- Number of atomic moles, K = k/16 Percentage of sulfur: z – Number of atomic moles, Z = z/32 Equivalent chemical formula : C X H Y S Z O K Equivalent Molecular weight : 100 gms. Liquid and gaseous fuels generally have very little sulfur, oxygen and moisture. Generally popular chemical formulae: C X H Y

15. Ideal combustion C X H Y + 4.773 (X+Y/4) AIR → P CO 2 +Q H 2 O + R N 2 Molecular weight of fuel : Homogeneous Mixture model for Air: Molecular weight of Air : Air-fuel Ratio:

16. Equivalence Ratio The equivalence ratio of a system is defined as the ratio as the ratio of the actual fuel/air ratio to the stoichiometric ratio. Mathematically