1. Chapter 3 Minerals

2. Minerals: naturally occurring, inorganic solids, with definite structure and composition; made of one or more elements –Characteristics of Minerals: Formed by natural processes Inorganic (not formed from life processes) Solid Definite chemical composition, can have minor variations (example: salt is NaCl) Atoms arranged in a pattern

3. Structure of Minerals: minerals are in the form of crystals (a solid in which the atoms are arranged in repeating patterns) A.Crystal Systems: Examples of Perfect Crystal Systems Cubic Tetragonal Hexagonal Examples: Cubic-Halite (salt); Platinum Tetragonal-Zircon; Wulfenite Hexagonal-Quartz; Corundum

4. The first group is the ISOMETRIC. This literally means “equal measure” and refers to the equal size of the crystal axes. ISOMETRIC - Fluorite Crystals CRYSTAL SYSTEMS are divided into 6 main groups.- We will look at 3 groups ISOMETRIC Basic Cube a3 a2 a1

5. These hexagonal CALCITE crystals nicely show the six sided prisms HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS HEXAGONAL Crystal Axes Three horizontal axes meeting at angles of 120o and one perpendicular axis. c a a3 a2 a1

6. Hexagonal Crystals

7. TETRAGONAL Crystal Axes a1 a2 c c a1 This is an Alternative Crystal Axes TETRAGONAL Two equal, horizontal, mutually perpendicular axes (a1, a2) Vertical axis (c) is perpendicular to the horizontal axes and is of a different length. TETRAGONAL CRYSTALS

8. WULFENITE Same crystal seen edge on. TETRAGONAL CRYSTALS

9. How Minerals Form: Form from the cooling of hot melted rock (magma); If it cools fast, crystals tend to be small; cools slow, larger crystals tend to form Form from solutions-as liquid evaporates, minerals solidify and form crystals

10. Major Mineral Groups Silicates -Made of Silicon, Oxygen, & possibly other element(s); largest group of minerals Example: Quartz (SiO2) Carbonates -Made of Carbon, Oxygen, & possibly other element(s) Examples: Calcite (CaCO3); Magnetite (MgCO3)

11. Most Abundant Elements in Earth’s Crust: 1. Oxygen46.6% 2. Silicon27.7% 3. Aluminum8.1% 4. Iron5% 5. Calcium 3.6% 6. Sodium2.8% 7. Potassium2.6% 8. Magnesium2.1% ***All other elements make up 1.5% of the Earth’s crust.

12. Physical Properties of Minerals: Hardness-a measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched ***1 is the softest, 10 is the hardest*** Moh’s Scale of Hardness Sample Element Hardness Common Objects Talc1 Fingernail (2.5) Copper penny (3.5) Iron Nail (4.5) Glass (5.5) Steel File (6.5) Streak Plate (7) Gypsum2 Calcite3 Fluorite4 Apatite5 Feldspar6 Quartz7 Topaz8 Corundum9 Diamond10

13. Luster Describes how light is reflected from a mineral’s surface –Metallic –Nonmetallic –dull; pearly; silky; glassy; brilliant; transparent –Waxy –Resinous (looks like freshly broken shellac)

14. Color The color seen when looking at the surface of the mineral; Least reliable property because many minerals can be many colors Example: Sulfur is pale yellow

15. Streak The color of the mineral when it’s broken up in powdered form; Use a porcelain tile to test; Useful for softer minerals; Minerals with a hardness greater than 7 do not leave a streak Example: Gold has a gray streak

16. The Way a Mineral Breaks 1.Cleavage-When a mineral breaks along smooth, flat surfaces; Example: Mica 2.Fracture-When minerals break with rough or jagged edges; Example: Quartz

17. Special Properties Unusual or unique qualities; Examples: Magnetite is magnetic, Calcite has optical qualities, Jade has a bell-like ring when tapped, Halite has a salty taste, and Sulfur smells like rotten eggs

18. Uses of Minerals Gems-Highly prized minerals because they are rare and considered beautiful; the difference in a gem and the common form of a mineral can be slight

19. Ores-contain useful substances that can be mined for a profit Examples: Bauxite contains Aluminum Hematite contains Iron Sphalerite contains Zinc Chalcopyrite contains copper

20. Strip Mining-Removing ore by digging at Earth’s surface; usually results in a huge pit Land Reclamation- mining companies are required to return soil and rock to open pit and cover it with topsoil then plant trees and grass

21. Asbestos-a mineral with threadlike, flexible fibers used as insulation and as fire protection; has been shown to cause lung diseases including lung cancer EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)- requires school officials to inspect buildings every six months; flaking asbestos must be removed or sealed over

22. Minerals can contain other useful elements. 1.Elements must be refined, or purified, from ores 2. Some elements dissolve in fluids, travel through weaknesses in rocks, and in those weaknesses form mineral deposits called vein mineral deposits 3. Titanium is useful element derived from the minerals limonite and rutile