1. Training of Trainers for Teachers of International Law: International Criminal Law Morgan Pillay M.A.; LLB. 19 May 2011

2. ¡ö©Ï¾¨º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­ ¦½ÀÎó©¨: ´ðÁ¡­ ²òÀì ¸ñ­êó 17 / 5 / 2011

3. Scope Exercise Introduction Sources of ICL International Criminal Tribunals – For the Former Yugoslavia – For Rwanda Hybrid Courts International Criminal Court

4. ¢º®À¢© ®ö©±ô¡¹ñ© ²¾¡¦½ÀÎó Á¹ùú¤êó´¾¢º¤¡ö©Ï¾¨º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­ ®ñ­©¾¦¾­º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­ –¦¿ìñ®º½©ó©µø¡¦½ì¾¸ó –¦¿ìñ®ë½¸ñ­©¾ ¦¾­¦½À²¾½ ¦¾­º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­

5. Introduction The first international criminal prosecution dates back to 1474. World War I, even whilst faced with the reality of almost 22 million resultant deaths, the Allied powers did not establish an international criminal tribunal/court for war crimes and, instead, allowed Germany and Turkey to conduct war crimes prosecutions in their national courts: only 12 military officers were prosecuted in Germany; courts in both countries also handed down exceptionally lenient punishments.

6. ²¾¡¦½ÀÎó ¡¾­©¿À­ó­£½©ó¡È¼¸¡ñ®º¾§½¨¾¡¿¦¾¡ö­ Ä©ÉÀ¡ó©¢›­ ­ñ®ÁªÈ¯ó 1474 ¦ö¤£¾´Âì¡£˜¤êó 2 À§…¤´ó¯½§¾§ö­ À¦¨§ó¸ò©À¡õº® 22 ìɾ­£ö­. ±È¾¨²ñ­ê½´ò© ®Òĩɦɾ¤ª˜¤¦¾­²òÀ¦©À²ˆº²ò ¥¾ì½­ ¾£½©óº¾§½¨¾¡¿¦ö¤£¾´, Áì½ Ä©Éº½­÷¨¾©Ã¹É Àµ¨ì½´ñ­ Áì½ ªñ¸¡¡ó ©¿À­ó­¡¾­»Éº¤³Éº¤º¾§½¨¾ ¡¿¦ö¤£¾´ ©¨¦¾­²¾¨Ã­¢º¤ÁªÈ콯½Àê©. ¦¿ìñ® Àµ¨ì½´ñ­ ´óÀ¥í¾Îû¾ê†ê½¹¾­ 12 £ö­ «õ¡©¿À­ó­ £½©ó. ¦¾­µøÈêñ¤¦º¤¯½Àê©­š Á´È­ ¸¾¤Âê©ê†´óìñ¡¦½­½ À®ö¾®¾¤.

7. World War II saw the advent of international law with regard to war crimes in the Tokyo and Nuremburg Trials - individual criminal responsibility for crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity was a consequence of these trials: only enemy- accused prosecuted by Allied victors.

8. ¦ö¤£¾´Âì¡£˜¤êó 2 Ä©ÉÀ»ñ©Ã¹ÉÀ¹ñ­¡ö©Ï¾¨¦¾¡ö­ ꆲö¸ ²ñ­À«ò¤º¾§½¨¾¡¿¦ö¤£¾´ µøȦ¾­²ò¥¾ì½­ ¾£½©óµøÈ Âª¡¼¸ Áì½ ­ øÁë´À®ó¡.£¸¾´»ñ®°ò©§º®ê¾¤º¾¨¾ ¢º¤®÷¡£ö­ ªÒº¾§½¨¾¡¿ªÉ¾­¦ñ­ªò²¾®, º¾§½¨¾¡¿ ¦ö¤£¾´ Áì½ º¾§½¨¾¡¿ªÉ¾­´¸­´½­÷© Á´È­°ö­¥¾¡ ¡¾­²ò¥¾ì½­ ¾£½©óê†Ä©É¡È¾¸´¾­š: ´ó²¼¤ÁªÈ°øÉꆫõ¡ ¡È¾¸¹¾¸È¾À¯ñ­¦ñ©ªø «õ¡©¿À­ó­ £½©ó©¨±È¾¨²ñ­ê½´ò© ꆧ½­½¦ö¤£¾´

9. Opportunity missed in 1915 – could have prevented incidents such as the Adolf Eichmann trial in 1961. Only with ICTY and ICTR did international criminal law become truly international => later the ICC.

10. ¡¾ì½Âº¡¾©ê†Ä©É¦ø­À¦¨Ä¯ í¯ó 1915 Œ º¾©¦¾´¾© ¯Éº¤¡ñ­À¹©¡¾­ À§ñú­: ¡¾­²ò¥¾ì½­ ¾£½©ó Adolf Eichmann í¯ó 1961 ´ó²¼¤ÁªÈ¦¾­¦¾¡ö­À²ˆº²ò¥¾ì½­¾£½©óµø¡¦½ì¾¸ó ( ICTY ) Áì½ ¦¾­¦¾¡ö­À²ˆº²ò¥¾ì½­¾£½©ó뾸ñ­©¾ (ICTR ) ê†À»ñ©Ã¹É¡ö©Ï¾¨º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­ ¡¾¨À¯ñ­¡ö© Ͼ¨¦¾¡ö­ÁêÉ. ªÒ´¾ ¥‡¤Á´È­¦¾­º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­ (ICC).

11. Sources of ICL Main sources from IHL: Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907: banned certain types of modern warfare; Geneva Protocol to Hague Convention 1928: banned all forms of chemical and biological warfare; Geneva Convention I to IV of 1949 and 2 Additional Protocols; Various treaties relating to specific weapons, e.g. Ottawa Convention on the Banning of Antipersonnel Mines;

12. Á¹ùú¤ê†´¾¢º¤¡ö©Ï¾¨º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­ Á¹ùú¤ê†´¾ê†¦¿£ñ­¢º¤¡ö©Ï¾¨º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­: ¦ö­êò¦ñ­¨¾À»ñ¡ ¯ó 1899 Áì½ 1907: ¹É¾´¯½À²©¦½À²¾½ ¢º¤¡¾­À»ñ©¦ö¤£¾´Ã­¦½ÄÏÃÏú º¾­÷¦ñ­¨¾À²†´Àªó´ À§óÁ­¸ 1928 À²†´Àªó´Ã¹ÉÁ¡È¦ö­êò¦ñ­ ¨¾ì¾Ä»: ¹É¾´ê÷¡»ø®Á®®¢º¤¡¾­À»ñ©¦ö¤£¾´À£´ó Áì½ §ó¸½²¾® ¦ö­êò¦ñ­¨¾À§óÁ­¸¦½®ñ®êó I À«ò¤ IV ¯ó 1949 Áì½ º½­ ÷¦ñ­ ¨¾À²†´Àªó´¦º¤¦½®ñ® ¦ö­êò¦ñ­¨¾¦½®ñ®ªÈ¾¤Å ꆲö¸²ñ­À«ò¤º¾¸÷©¦½À²¾½ À§„­: ¦ö­êò¦ñ­¨¾ºö©ª¾¸¾ ¸È¾©É¸¨ ¡¾­ À¡õº©¹É¾´ì½À®ó©±„¤©ò­ ªÉ¾­®÷¡£ö­

13. Statutes of the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Internationally recognised customs of war.

14. ê¿´½­ø­¢º¤¦¾­º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­ ꆲò¥¾ì½­¾£½©ó º½©ó©µø¡¦½ì¾¸ó Áì½ ë¾¸ñ­©¾ ê¿´½­ø­Â봸Ⱦ©É¸¨¦¾­º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­ ¯½À²­ó¯½ªò®ñ©ê†«õ¡»ñ®»øÉí¦¾¡ö­ ¡È¼¸¡ñ®¦ö¤£¾´

15. International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda Established by UN Security Council Resolutions 827 of 1993 and 955 of 1994, respectively) under Chapter VII of UN Charter. The ICTY has jurisdiction over war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide occurring within the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia since 1991; the ICTR has jurisdiction over the same offences occurring in Rwanda and its neighbouring states between 1 January and 31 December 1994.

16. ¦¾­º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­ ꆲò¥¾ì½­¾£½©ó º½©ó©µø¡¦½ì¾¸ó Áì½ ë¾¸ñ­©¾ Ä©É»ñ®¡¾­¦É¾¤ª˜¤¢›­Â©¨¨ñ©ªò 827 ¯ó 1993 Áì½ Áì½ 955 ¯ó 1994 -¢º¤¦½²¾£¸¾´Ï˜­£ö¤ ¦¯§ ª¾´ì¿©ñ® ²¾¨ÃªÉ²¾¡êó VII ¢º¤¡ö©®ñ© ¦¯§ ¦¾­ ICTY ´ó¢º®À¢©º¿­¾©¦¾­ªÒº¾§½¨¾¡¿¦ö¤ £¾´, º¾§½¨¾¡¿ªÉ¾­´¸­´½­÷© Áì½ ¡¾­¢É¾ìɾ¤ À°‰¾²ñ­ ê†À¡ó©¢›­µøȺ½©ó©¦½¹½²ñ­¦¾ê¾ì½­ ½ìñ© ¦ñ¤£ö´­ò¨ö´ µø¡¦½ì¾¸ó ­ñ®ÁªÈ¯ó 1991; ¦¾­ ICTR ´ó¢º®À¢©¦ò©º¿­¾©ªÒ¡¾­¡½ê¿°ò©ºñ­©¼¸¡ñ­ µøȯ½Àê©ë½¸ñ­©¾ Áì½ ¯½Àê©À²ˆº­®É¾­ ì½¹¸È¾¤ ¸ñ­êó 1 ´ñ¤¡º­ À«ò¤ 31 êñ­¸¾ 1994

17. Grave breaches of the GC – willful killing; torture or inhumane treatment; extensive destruction of civilian property not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly; Violation of the laws or customs of war – use of poisonous weapons or other weapons used to cause unnecessary suffering; Genocide – acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group by killing members of the group, imposing measures on them to prevent births within the group etc. Crimes against humanity – murder; torture; enslavement etc.

18. ¡¾­ì½À´ó©ªÒ¦ö­êò¦ñ­¨¾À§óÁ­¸ Œ ¡¾­¢É¾ê†´óÀ¥©ª½­ ¾, ¡¾­êðì½´¾­ ¹ùõ ¡¾­¯½ªò®ñ©ê†Ä»É´½­÷©¦½ê¿;- ¡¾­ê¿ 쾨§ñ®¦ò­ê†´ó콩ñ®»÷­Á»¤¢º¤²ö­ì½À»õº­ À§…¤®ÒÄ©É´ó £¸¾´¥¿À¯ñ­ê¾¤©É¾­¡¾­ê½¹¾­ Áì½ ©¿À­ó­Â©¨°ò© ¡ö©Ï¾¨ Áì½ ®Ò´ó£¸¾´¥¿À¯ñ­ ¡¾­ì½À´ó©¡ö©Ï¾¨¹ùõ ¯½À²­ó¢º¤¦ö¤£¾´ Œ ¡¾­­¿ çɺ¾¸÷©µ¾²ò© ¹ùõ º¾¸÷©ºˆ­Åꆭ ¿Ã§ÉÀ²ˆº¡Ò£¸¾´êö­ ê÷¡êðì½´¾­Â©¨®Ò¥¿À¯ñ­ ¡¾­¢É¾ìɾ¤À°‰¾²ñ­ Œ ¡¾­¡½ê¿ê†¡Ò¢›­ ©¨´óÀ¥©ª½­¾ À²ˆºê¿ì¾¨ êñ¤Ïö© ¹ùõ ®¾¤¦È¸­, ¡÷ú´²ö­ì½À´õº¤, §ö­À°úö¾, À§œº§¾© ¹ùõ ¦¾¦½Î¾, ©¨¡¾­À¢„­¢É¾¦½´¾§ò¡¢º¤¡÷È´, ¸¾¤´¾©ª½¡¾­ ªÒÀ¢ö¾À¥í¾ À²ˆº¯Éº¤¡ñ­¡¾­À¡ó©ìø¡ ²¾¨Ã­ ¡÷È´ Áì½ ºˆ­Å º¾§½¨¾¡¿ªÉ¾­´¸­´½­÷© Œ ¡¾­£¾©ª½¡¿, ¡¾­êðì½ ´¾­, ¡¾­À»ñ©Ã¹ÉÀ¯ñ­¢É¾ê¾© Áì½ ºˆ­Å

19. Made up of Chamber of judges (16 permanent in total = 9 ad litem ; 3 perm judges per trial chamber; 5 judges on each appeal); Prosecutor; Registry. Completion Strategy Reports: ICTY hopes to complete cases pending before it (up to appeal stage) by 2014; the ICTR by mid-2010. Gaccaca courts in Rwanda. Effective deterrent?Srebrenica 1995 Successful? Prosecutor v Akayesu Case ICTR-96-4-T provided progressive direction for evolving norms of criminal justice, which will permeate also national judiciaries.

20. ¯½¡º®©É¸¨£½­½°øɲò²¾¡¦¾ (°øɲò²¾¡¦¾«¾¸º­êñ¤Ïö© 16 êȾ­; °øɲò²¾¡¦¾ 3 êȾ­ ªÒ£½­½¦¾­ÄªÈ¦¸­; °øɲò²¾¡¦¾ 5 êȾ­ ªÒÁªÈ콡¾­º÷꺭; ĺ¨½¡¾­; ­¾¨ê½®¼­¦¾­ ¡¾­¦¿Àìñ©®ö©ì¾¨¤¾­¨÷©ê½¦¾©: ¦¾­ ICTY ¹¸ñ¤¸È¾¥½ ùɦ¿Àìñ©£½©óꆨñ¤£É¾¤µøȡȺ­Îû¾®ö©ì¾¨¤¾­ (¢›­ ¡ñ®¢˜­ªº­ ¡¾­º÷꺭) ²¾¨Ã­¯ó 2014; ¦¾­ ICTR ²¾¨Ã­¡¾¤¯ó 2010 ¦¾­ Gaccaca µøÈ ë¾¸ñ­©¾ À¯ñ­¡¾­¯Éº¤¡ñ­ê†´ó¯½¦ò©êò²¾®®Ò ? Srebrenica 1995 ¯½¦ö®°ö­¦¿Àìñ©®Ò ? ĺ¨½¡¾­ Áì½ £½©ó Akayesu ICTRŒ96Œ 4ŒT ¦½Îº¤êò©­¿ê†¡É¾¸Îû¾Ã­¡¾­­ ¿Ã§É´¾©ª½ «¾­£¸¾´¨÷ªòê¿ê¾¤º¾¨¾, À§…¤¥½À²†´Àªó´Ã¹ÉÁ¡Èºö¤¡¾­ª÷ì¾ ¡¾­²¾¨Ã­À§„­©¼¸¡ñ­

21. The Akayesu ruling was later applied in other decisions and further developed international law, resulting in Prosecutor v Kunarac IT-96-23-PT and Prosecutor v Gacumbitsi ICTR-2001-64-T. The definition of rape in international law as per these judgments is “the sexual penetration, however slight: (a) of the vagina or anus of the victim by the penis of the perpetrator or any other object used by the perpetrator; or (b) of the mouth of the victim by the penis of the perpetrator; where such sexual penetration occurs without the consent of the victim”.

22. ¡¾­ªñ©¦ò­£½©ó Akayesu Ä©É«õ¡­¿Ã§ÉµøÈí¡¾­ ªñ© ¦ò­ºˆ­Å Áì½ ¡¾­²ñ©ê½­¾¡ö©Ï¾¨¦¾¡ö­, À§…¤´ó°ö­ í£½©óì½¹¸È¾¤Äº¨½¡¾­ Áì½ Kunarac ITŒ-96Œ23Œ PT Áì½ £½©óì½¹¸È¾¤Äº¨½¡¾­ Áì½ Gacumbitsi ICTR Œ2001Œ64ŒT. £¿­ò¨¾´¡¾­¢‰´¢õ­ í¡ö©Ï¾¨ ¦¾¡ö­ µøÈí¡¾­²ò²¾¡¦¾©„¤¡È¾¸­š Á´È­ “¡¾­ì½À´ó© 꾤À²©ªÒ (¡) º½Ä¸¨½¸½À²©¨ò¤ ¹ùõ »ø꽸¾­ ¢º¤°øÉ À£¾½»É¾¨ ©É¸¨º½Ä¸¨½¸½À²©§¾¨¢º¤°øÉ¡½ê¿°ò©; ¹ùõ (¢) ¯¾¡¢º¤°øÉ«õ¡À£¾½»É¾¨ ©¨º½Ä¸¨½¸½À²©§¾¨ ¢º¤°øÉ¡½ê¿°ò©; À§…¤¡¾­ ì½À´ó©ê¾¤À²©©„¤¡È¾¸­˜­ ®ÒÄ©É»ñ®¡¾­¨ò­ ¨º´¥¾¡°øÉÀ£¾½»É¾¨ ”

23. Hybrid Courts Not UN international courts. Support of UN in form of funding and personnel. National judiciaries have authority in determining who to prosecute and for what crimes. Crimes largely the same as those in the international criminal tribunals. Cambodia; Sierra Leone; East Timore

24. ¦¾­¦½À²¾½ (Hybrid Courts) ®ÒÁ´È­¦¾­¦¾¡ö­¢º¤ºö¤¡¾­ ¦¯§ Ä©É»ñ®¡¾­¦½Îñ®¦½Îø­¥¾¡ºö¤¡¾­ ¦¯§ í»ø®Á®® ¡¾­Ã¹Éêô­ Áì½ ®÷¡£½ì¾¡º­ ºö¤¡¾­ª÷쾡¾­²¾¨Ã­¯½Àê© ´óº¿­¾©Ã­¡¾­¡¿­ö© ¸È¾¥½»Éº¤³Éº¤©¿À­ó­£½©óªÒ°øÉé Áì½ º¾§½¨¾¡¿ºñ­ é º¾§½¨¾¡¿¦È¸­Ã¹¨È£õ¡ñ­¡ñ®¡¾­¡½ê¿°ò©ê†¡¿­ ö©µøÈ Ã­®ñ­©¾¦¾­º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­ ¡¿¯øÀ¥¨; À§¨ë¾ ëóº­; ªó´ð ª¾À¸ñ­ºº¡

25. The International Criminal Court Only permanent international criminal court; is treaty-based = Rome Statute; came into force in July 2002; 111 members. Rules of Procedure and Evidence; Elements of Crimes 18 Judges in Trial Chambers (conducts trials), Pre- trial Chambers (decide whether charges warranted and if court has jurisdiction) and Appellate Division (hears appeal); Prosecutor; and Registry. Jurisdiction: Genocide; crimes against humanity; war crimes; crime of aggression

26. ¦¾­º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­ À¯ñ­¦¾­º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­«¾¸º­²¼¤¦¾­©¼¸; «õ¡¦É¾¤ª˜¤ ¢›­ ª¾´¦ö­êò¦ñ­¨¾ = ê¿´½­ø­Âë´; ´ó°ö­®ñ¤£ñ®Ã§Éí À©õº­¡ð콡ö© ¯ó 2002; ´óìñ©²¾£ó 111 ¯½Àê© ´ó¡ö©ì½®¼®¡¾­©¿À­ó­¤¾­ Áì½ ¹ùñ¡«¾­; ºö¤¯½¡º® ¢º¤º¾§½¨¾¡¿ °øɲò²¾¡¦¾ 18 êȾ­ µøÈí£½­½¦¾­²ò²¾¡¦¾ (©¿À­ ó­ ¡¾­²ò²¾¡¦¾); £½­½¦¾­¡½¡¼´¡Èº­¡¾­©¿À­ó­ £½©ó (²ò¥¾ì½­¾ ¢Ó¡È¾¸¹¾ ¹ùõ ¦¾­´ó¢º®À¢©¦ò©º¿ ­ ¾©®Ò) Áì½ £½­½¦¾­º÷꺭 (²ò¥¾ì½­¾¡¾­ º÷꺭); ¹Éº¤¡¾­Äº¨½¡¾­; Áì½ ¹Éº¤¡¾­¥È¾¦¾­ ¢º®À¢©¦ò©º¿­¾©: ¡¾­¢É¾ìɾ¤À°‰¾²ñ­; º¾§½¨¾¡¿ ªÉ¾­´¸­´½­÷©; º¾§½¨¾¡¿¦ö¤£¾´; Áì½ º¾§½¨¾ ¡¿»÷¡»¾­

27. State Party refers case – Uganda; UN Security Council refers case – Sudan and Libya; Prosecutor opens investigation after receiving information - Kenya.

28. ìñ©²¾£ó ¦‰¤£½©óį¨ñ¤¦¾­ Œ ¯½Àꩺø¡¾­©¾; ¦½²¾£¸¾´Ïñû­£ö¤ ¦¯§ ¦‰¤£½©óį¨ñ¤¦¾­ Œ §ø©¾­ Áì½ ìóÀ®¨; ĺ¨½¡¾­ À¯ó©¡¾­¦õ®¦¸­Œ¦º®¦¸­ ¹ùñ¤¥¾¡Ä©É»ñ®¢Ó´ø­ Œ ¯½Àê©À£­µ¾

29. Non-States Parties bound by the ICC? Principle of Complementarity – complement national judiciaries; prosecute most senior accused; Unwilling to prosecute: proceedings that were/are undertaken or a national decision was made to shield the person from criminal responsibility for serious international crimes; an unjustified delay in the proceedings which is tantamount to the State having no intention to bring the person to justice; or, proceedings that were/are not undertaken independently or impartially and is indicative of no intention to bring the person to justice.

30. ¯½Àê©ê†®ÒÁ´È­ìñ©²¾£ó ¡Ò´ó°ö­°ø¡´ñ©©É¾­ ¡ö©Ï¾¨ ®Ò? ¹ùñ¡¡¾­À²†´Àªó´ Œ À²†´Àªó´Ã¹ÉÁ¡È¦¾­²¾¨Ã­; ©¿À­ ó­ £½©óªÒ°øÉ«õ¡¡È¾¸¹¾ê†À¯ñ­²½­ñ¡¤¾­¢˜­¦ø¤ £¸¾´®Ò¯¾«½­¾ê†¥½©¿À­ó­£½©ó Œ ¡¾­©¿À­ó­ £½©ó ¹ùõ ¡¾­ªñ©¦ò­²¾¨Ã­¯½Àê©ê†À»ñ©¢›­ À²ˆº¯Éº¤¡ñ­®÷¡£ö­ ¥¾¡£¸¾´»ñ®°ò©§º®ê¾¤º¾¨¾¦¿ìñ®¡¾­¡½ê¿°ò© 꾤º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­ê†»É¾¨Á»¤; £¸¾´§ñ¡§É¾ê†®Ò¦ö´À¹© °ö­Ã­¢½®¸­¡¾­©¿À­ó­ £½©ó À§…¤º¾©¦½Á©¤Ã¹ÉÀ¹ñ­ ¸È¾ ìñ©®Ò´ó£¸¾´¯½¦ö¤Ã­¡¾­­¿Àºö¾®÷¡£ö­ À¢í¾¦øÈì½ ®ö®¨÷ªòê¿; ¹ùõ ¡¾­©¿À­ó­ £½©óê†À»ñ©¢›­©É¸¨£¸¾´®Ò À¯ñ­Àº¡½ì¾© ¹ùõ 쿺¼¤ Áì½ ´óêò©§š­¿Ã­¡¾­®Ò­¿ Àºö¾®÷¡£ö­ ©„¤¡È¾¸ À¢í¾¦øÈì½®ö®¨÷ªòê¿

31. The Court will, when determining the inability of a State to prosecute, consider whether this is as a result of a total or substantial collapse or unavailability of its national judicial system, a State is unable to secure the accused, necessary evidence and testimony/witnesses or for any other reason that the State is unable to undertake the proceedings. Rape: the definition followed is gender-neutral; it amounts to a perpetrator invading the body of a person by way of penetration, however slight, of any part of the body of the victim or of the perpetrator with a sexual organ, or of the anus or genital opening of the victim with any object or any other part of the body.

32. À´õºÄ©É´ó¡¾­²ò¥¾ì½­¾À«ò¤£¸¾´®Ò¦¾´¾©Ã­¡¾­ ©¿ À­ó­£½©ó¢º¤ìñ©, ¦¾­¥½²ò¥¾ì½­¾¸È¾ ¦¾À¹©Á´È­ ¨Éº­£¸¾´ìí´À¹ì¸êñ¤Ïö© ¹ùõ ®¾¤¦È¸­, £¸¾´®Ò²Éº´ ¢º¤Ã­ì½®ö®ª÷쾡¾­¢º¤ìñ©, ìñ©®Ò¦¾´¾©¯Éº¤¡ñ­°øÉ «õ¡¹¾, ¹ùñ¡«¾­ ꆥ¿À¯ñ­, £¿Ã¹É¡¾­/²½¨¾­ ¹ùõ À¹© °ö­ºˆ­Å À§…¤ìñ©®Ò¦¾´¾©©¿À­ó­¢½®¸­¡¾­©¿À­ó­ £½©ó. ¡¾­¢‰´¢õ­ Œ £¿­ò¨¾´¢É¾¤ì÷È´ Á´È­ ¡È¼¸¢Éº¤À²©. ¡¾­¢‰´¢õ­ Á´È­°øÉ¡½ê¿°ò© À§…¤Ä©É®÷¡ì÷¡»È¾¤¡¾¨¢º¤ ®÷¡£ö­Ã©Î‡¤ ©É¸¨¸òêó¡¾­ì½À´ó©¦È¸­Ã©Î‡¤¢º¤»È¾¤ ¡¾¨ ¹ùõ º½Ä¸¨½¸½ê¾¤À²©,»ø꽸¾­ ¹ùõ ¡¾­À¯ó©º½ ĸ¨½¸½À²©¢º¤°øÉ«õ¡À£¾½»É¾¨ ©É¸¨º÷¯½¡º­ é·¤ ¹ùõ ²¾¡¦È¸­ªÈ¾¤Å¢º¤»È¾¤¡¾¨

33. Successes and failures of the ICC Permanent court Security Council – refer & defer Jurisdiction Prosecutor’s authority ComplementarityNon-development of judiciaries Internalization of intl law Lack of political support Attacks on peacekeepers Terrorism and drug-trafficking Rape

34. °ö­¦¿Àìñ© Áì½ £¸¾´ìí´À¹ì¸¢º¤¦¾­º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­ À¯ñ­¦¾­«¾¸º­ ´ó¢º®À¢©º¿­¾©¦¾­ À¯ñ­¡¾­ À²†´Àªó´Ã¹ÉÁ¡È ¦¾­ ²¾¨Ã­¯½Àê© À»ñ©Ã¹É¡ö©Ï¾¨¦¾¡ö­ ´ó£¸¾´À¯ñ­¦¾¡ö­ ¡¾­Â¥´ªóªÒ°øÉ»ñ¡¦¾¦ñ­ ªò²¾® ¡¾­¢‰´¢õ­ ¦½²¾£¸¾´Ïñû­£ö¤ Œ ºÉ¾¤ºó¤À«ò¤ Áì½ ¯½ì½ į ¦ò©º¿­¾©¢º¤Äº¨½ ¡¾­ ¡¾­®Ò²ñ©ê½­¾¢º¤ºö¤ ¡¾­ª÷쾡¾­ ¢¾©¡¾­¦½Îñ®¦½Îø­ 꾤¡¾­À´õº¤ ¡¾­¡Ò¡¾­»É¾¨ Áì½ ¡¾­ £É¾µ¾À¦®ªò©