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2. Lecture Overview Structure Programming Basic Control of Structure Programming Selection Logical Operations Iteration Flowchart

3. Structured Programming Structured programming (also called modular programming) is a subset of procedural programming that enforces a logical structure on the program being written. The structured program makes it easier and more efficient to understand and modify.

4. Structured Programming (cont’d) A structured programming is written using simple control structures to organize the solution to a problem. A simple structure is usually defined to be a sequence, a selection, or a repetition.

5. Basic Control Structures A sequence structure contains steps that is performed one after another. A selection structure contains one set of steps that is performed if a condition is true, and another set of steps that is performed if the condition is false. A repetition/iteration structure contains a set of steps that is repeated as long as a condition is true.

6. Selection (IF..THEN..ELSE) IF…THEN..ELSE –In an IF statement, the instructions following the THEN part of the IF statement are executed if the condition is TRUE –A more comprehensive set of conditions can be created by adding an ELSE statement –E.g. If I’ve got an assignment to finish I’ll have to do it, otherwise I’ll go to see the football match with you next week. When the alarm goes off get out straight out of bed, unless it’s a weekend in which case you can stay in bed a bit longer.

7. Selection (CASE) CASE –The CASE statement is frequently used for coding the choice between item lists, such as those found in screen menus. –A conditional control structure that appears in most modern programming languages and allows a selection to be made between several (multiple) sets of program statements. –E.g. ATM Machine transactions. Vendor Machine

8. Logical Operations Logical Operators: = is equal to >= is greater than or equal to <= is less than or equal to <> is not equal to Logical Operations: –AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR

9. Iteration REPEAT UNTIL which tests at the end of a block of code, so the sequence of instructions are always repeated at least once WHILE which tests at the start of a block of code so it is possible that the instructions in the loop may never be executed FOR Loop which is controlled by a count given from known conditions

10. Flowchart A flowchart is a graphical or symbolic representation of a process. Each step in the process is represented by a different symbol and contains a short description of the process step. The flowchart symbols are linked together with arrows showing the process flow direction Flowchart uses a diagram to describe the steps in algorithm

11. Flowchart Symbols Termination (Start/End) Input/ output Process/Computation Comparison Connector

12. Flowchart Sequential Block B Block A

13. Flowchart Selection (If Else) Block B Block A cond False/NoTrue/Yes

14. Flowchart Selection (Case)

15. Flowchart Iteration (Repeat Until)

16. Flowchart Iteration (Do While)

17. Flowchart Iteration (For Loop)

18. Flowchart Connector Block and Off Page Connector

19. Flowchart Examples The diagrams shown illustrates how to compute the sum of two numbers

20. Flowchart Examples The process of processing is shown as arrows linking the symbols

21. Flowchart Examples Create a flowchart for inputting your employee’s name. If the first letter starts from A to J then display “ First Category”, if K to T then display “ Second Category” otherwise display Third Category If student's grade is greater than or equal to 60 Print "passed“ else Print "failed“ If student's grade is greater than or equal to 60 Print "passed“ else Print "failed“ Set the counter to 0. If the counter is more than 10 then customer receives free value meal otherwise no free value meal.

22. Summary Basic Control Structures: –Sequence –Selection IF..THEN..ELSE.. CASE –Iteration/Repetition REPEAT UNTIL WHILE FOR A flowchart is a graphical or symbolic representation of a process.