1. On formal notation of the teleological structure of law Vytautas ČYRAS Vilnius University, Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, Vilnius Vytautas.Cyras@mif.vu.lt Friedrich LACHMAYER University of Innsbruck, Faculty of Law, Austria Lachmayer@chello.at

2. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX2 Motivation; context Teleological statements are especially found in the legislative workflow –governmental drafting; parliamentarian decisions; publication of the valid laws Law and Artificial Intelligence (AI) –Different methodological paradigms –Approaches Via natural language Via formal notation Characterisation of legal order: many implicit and rare explicit teleological structures

3. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX3 Teleological structures in context “Goal” is not among fundamental legal concepts! Why? –However, in G. Sartor, 2006 “Fundamental legal concepts” Teleology –Berman & Hafner 1993; Bench-Capon; Prakken; Sartor etc in AI and Law journal, V.10 (2002), No.1-2 –Goals –Interests, values –Purposes, policies –Intentions of a legislator

4. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX4 Proposed notation 1. The basic element A 2. The target-element G 3. The teleological relation te→ The proposed notation is: A te→ G “Legal act A aims at goal G” The speech act: TE-statement(“…”) TE-Statement ( “Legal act A aims at goal G” )

5. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX5 Different semantics of teleology Different taxonomies: TE-statement-legal(…) TE-statement-political(…) TE-statement-scientific(…) Different time horizon: A te-short-term→ G A te-medium-term→ G A te-long-term→ G

6. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX6 Theory of relations Binary relation: –Infix notation A te→ G –Prefix notation TE(A,G) Theory of relations in mathematics and computer science is well developed –A binary relation R(x,y) is defined as Cartesian product, i.e. a set of pairs: {(x,y) | x  X, y  Y} –In relational algebra, a binary relation is represented as a two- column table, e.g. Theory of relations in law? ActGoal A1G A2G

7. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX7 Explicit teleological element within the norm

8. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX8 Consider the structure of a norm to be composed of the following elements: (1) Condition (2) Disposition (2.1) Subject. This is an actor; (2.2) Action; (2.3) Normative modus of the action; (2.4) Object of the action. (3) Telos – the explicit teleological element of the norm. We add the telos. Norm (1) Condition (2.4) Object (3) Telos (2.1) Subject (2.3) Action (2.3) Modus

9. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX9 Norm Object Subject Modus Example 1: “Open the door” (1) Condition: empty (2.1) Subject: implicit (2.2) Action: “open” (2.3) Modus: implicit in the verb “open” (2.4) Object: “the door” (3) Telos: empty Action

10. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX10 Norm Object Subject Modus Action Example 2: “You must open the door” (1) Condition: empty (2.1) Subject: “you” (2.2) Action: “open” (2.3) Modus: “must” (2.4) Object: “the door” (3) Telos: empty

11. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX11 Norm Object Telos Subject Action Modus Example 3: “You must open the door for fresh air” (1) Condition: empty (2.1) Subject: “you” (2.2) Action: “open” (2.3) Normative modus of the action: “must” (2.4) Object the action: “the door” (3) Telos: “for fresh air”

12. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX12 Norm b c s1 a o Example 4: “Subject 1 must open the door for fresh air” Formal notation (in the form of relation): disposition te  telos Notation within the elements of a norm: o s1 (a  b) te  c Notation in algorithmical language: norm( condition=empty, disposition( subject=s1, action=a, modus=o, object=b ), telos=c )

13. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX13 Norm b c s1 a o Example 4: “Subject 1 must open the door for fresh air” Visualization: The teleological relation is depicted by sharp green transparent triangle.

14. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX14 External and internal teleology of the norm External teleology norm(A) te→ G E.g. A = open_door and G = fresh_air A = close_door and G = security Internal teleology norm(A te→ G) E.g. “Open the door for fresh air”

15. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX15 Variations of teleology within the content of a norm te→ te→ te→ ↕ ↕ ↕ norm( condition, action, telos )

16. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX16 Symbolisation and formalisation Symbolisation is more or less domain notation like te→. Formalisation is a correct logical notation. The relation between them: norm(A te→ G) does not necessarily imply N te→ G In other words: norm(A te→ G) ≠ N te→ G

17. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX17 Legal System Meta-Regulation Normator ActionResult Actor Norm Subsumption Condition

18. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX18 Legal System Metanorm Normator ActionResult Actor Norm Subsumption Condition explicit / implicit Teleological Relations

19. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX19 Legal System Metanorm Normator ActionResult Actor Norm Subsumption Condition TE-STATEMENT (A te  B) political legal dogmatical short term medium t. long term

20. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX20 Qualification Legal System Metanorm Normator ActionResult Actor Norm Qualification-Norm Qualificator Subsumption ImpositionInterpretation Substratum Condition Projectat

21. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX21 Qualification Legal System Metanorm Normator ActionResult Actor Norm Qualification-Norm Qualificator Subsumption ImpositionInterpretation Substratum Condition Projectat TE-STATEMENT (A te  B) political legal dogmatical short term medium t. long term

22. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX22 Qualification Human Image  Human Rights Metanorm Normator ActionResult Actor Taxonomies: Entity Human Being Norm Qualification-Norm Qualificator Subsumption ImpositionInterpretation Substratum Condition Projectat Animal Res

23. 12-12-2007MOAIL-07 in JURIX23 Norms Teleology Interpretation