1. THE NEW DEAL

2. GUIDING QUESTIONS
How successful was the Roosevelt Administration’s “New Deal” in solving the problems of the Great Depression?
(Consider: relief, Recovery, Reform; e.g. Agricultural Adjustment Act; Securities and Exchange Commission; Wagner National Labor Relations Act; Social Security Act)
How did it change the role of the federal government?
How did it fashion a more stable economy and a more equitable society?
(from 2003B, 2003DBQ, 1993)

3. 1932 ELECTION Franklin D. Roosevelt attitude toward government
“New Deal”
[ajo]
Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1920 Vice Presidential nominee for Democratic Party
Roosevelt Campaigning for Office in Kansas 1932

4. 1932 ELECTION Hoover “The Worst is Past"
"Prosperity is Just Around the Corner"
New Yorker 1/16/1932 Alfred Frueh

5. 1932 ELECTION Results Electoral Shift, 1928 and 1932
Electoral Shift: Martin, America and its Peoples 5e
Electoral Shift, 1928 and 1932

6. 1932 ELECTION Lame-duck period (Nov. 1932-March 3, 1933)
banking industry collapse
Twentieth Amendment (1933)
Bank Failures,
Bank Failures,
Graph: Divine America Past and Present Revised 7th Ed.
Franklin D. Roosevelt and Herbert Hoover on the way to FDR's inauguration, March 4, 1933
With little in common but their top hats, Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt ride to Roosevelt's inauguration on March 4, (Library of Congress)
Pagent 13e
Franklin D. Roosevelt and Herbert Hoover on the way to FDR's inauguration, March 4, 1933
(Library of Congress)

8. FDR: A “NEW DEAL” “A New Deal for the American People”
"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.“
confidence, optimism, public relations
“Fireside chats”
Eleanor Roosevelt
“Brains Trust”
Goals: “Three R’s” - relief, recovery, reform
American Journey Online
Roosevelt Delivering a Fireside Chat, 1935

9. The 3 Rs (*Handout)
1. Relief - Immediate action taken to halt the financial deterioration. Immediate assistance.
2. Recovery - "Pump - Priming" Temporary programs to restart the flow of consumer demand (consumer = person who makes purchases)
3. Reform - Permanent programs to avoid another depression 
American Journey Online
Roosevelt Delivering a Fireside Chat, 1935

10. BBC Documentary: FDR and the New Deal
Why was the “first 100 days” campaign important to restore American confidence?
What were the main areas of focus that FDR addressed to end the 1930s Depression and how did he communicate his agenda?
Who were some of FDRs critics and what did they accuse him of?
How did natural disasters impact FDR’s New Deal and his plans for recovery?
How did FDR face opposition in Washington DC?
How did FDR face opposition in the Industry Sector?

11. FDR Holding a Press Conference, 1939
[ajo]
FDR Holding a Press Conference, 1939

12. Eleanor Roosevelt visits West Virginia Coal Mine, 1933
Kennedy American Pageant 13e [History Companion]
Eleanor Roosevelt visiting a West Virginia Coal Mine, 1933
(c) Bettmann/Corbis
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

13. FIRST HUNDRED DAYS “Bank holiday”
Emergency Banking Relief Act (Mar. 9)
Beer-Wine Revenue Act (Limits Revenue from Tariff) (Mar. 22)
Twenty-First Amendment (Nov. 1933)
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) (Mar. 31)
Public Works Administration (FERA May 12)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (May 18)
Here, Civilian Conservation Corps workers plant seedlings to reforest a section of forest destroyed by fire. Before its demise in 1942, the CCC enrolled over two million young men. In addition to its work in conservation, the CCC also taught around thirty-five thousand men how to read and write. (UPI/Bettmann ) (Pageant 13e)
Civilian Conservation Corps workers plant seedlings to reforest a section of forest destroyed by fire.

14. Roosevelt visits a Civilian Conservation Corps camp 1933
Roosevelt visits a Civilian Conservation Corps camp 1933

15. Henretta, America’s History 4e from http://www. bedfordstmartins
TVA

16. FIRST HUNDRED DAYS Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) (May 12)
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
The National Industrial Recovery Act (June 16)
Schechter v. U.S. (1935)
Glass-Steagall Act (Banking Act of 1933) (June 16)
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Farm Credit Administration (June 16)
Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (June 13)
Martin (List); NRA: NRA Member--We Do Our Part. Unknown [ajo]

17. ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS OF FDR’S “FIRST” NEW DEAL (late 1933-1934)
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
Dollar taken off gold standard

18. “THE NEW DEAL IN TRANSITION”: A “SECOND” NEW DEAL
“Second New Deal” (1935 onward)
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner Act)
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
Rural Electrification Administration (1935)
Social Security Act (1935)
SSI - This poster urges eligible Americans to apply promptly for their Social Security cards. (Library of Congress) Kennedy American Pageant 13e [History Companion]
WPA - This photograph shows a Michigan artist, Alfred Castagne, sketching four construction workers as they build a sidewalk beside a new roadbed.  Both Castagne and the construction workers were employed by the Works Progress Administration (WPA)--the laborers, some of the millions of jobless workers (both skilled and unskilled) who received work relief under the WPA; Castagne, one of the 9,000 unemployed artists and art teachers who were put to work by the Federal Art Project of the WPA. [ajo]
WPA Artist Sketching WPA Construction Workers

19. CRITICS OF THE NEW DEAL American Liberty League
Dr. Francis E. Townsend
Father Charles E. Coughlin
Senator Huey P. Long
“Share Our Wealth” Plan
Father Charles E. Coughlin ( )
Coughlin - Throughout much of the 1930s, Father Charles E. Coughlin ( ), known as the "radio priest," delivered weekly sermons to radio audiences of tens of millions of people.  An early supporter of President Franklin D. Roosevelt ( ), Coughlin later turned against the president, calling for much more radical reform and regulation of capitalism than was embodied in the policies of the New Deal.  [ajo]
Huey Long – American Journey Online
Senator Huey Long 1934

20. Criticisms of Conservative Opponents
Conservative opponents said the New Deal went too far:
It was socialism (killed individualism)
It added to the national debt ($35 billion)
It wasted money on relief and encouraged idleness
It violated the constitution & states rights
It increased the power of the Presidency (FDR was reaching toward dictatorship, Congress a rubber stamp, independence of judiciary threatened, separation of powers shattered)

21. Anti-New Deal Organization
Conservative opponents to the New Deal had an organization called the American Liberty League. They had money but were small in numbers, so FDR was not worried.

22. Criticisms of Radical Opponents
Radical opponents said the New Deal did not go far enough. They were demagogues (rabble-rousers) and had popular followings, so FDR was concerned.

23. Senator Huey Long (LA)
Senator Huey Long said New Deal relief measures were mere crumbs and advocated a share the wealth plan (i.e., a guaranteed annual income of at least $5,000 for every American, financed by confiscating wealth of people who made over $5 million per year).

24. Father Charles E. Coughlin
Father Charles Coughlin was a rabble-rousing radio priest from Detroit. His broadcasts were called the “Golden Hour of the Little Flower.” He claimed there was an international bankers conspiracy and Jews were responsible. He advocated nationalization of banking and currency and national resources and demanded a “living wage.”

25. Dr. Francis E. Townsend
Dr. Francis E. Townsend was an elderly physician from CA. He had a plan for the federal government to pay $200 per month to unemployed people over 60. The program would be financed by a 2% national sales tax and each pensioner would be required to spend the money in 30 days. This would stimulate the economy.

26. “Old Reliable” cartoon

27. “New Deal Remedies”
In this drawing by Clifford Berryman ( ), Franklin D. Roosevelt ( ) is portrayed as a country doctor dispensing a variety of remedies to an ailing Uncle Sam as Mrs. Sam--Congress--looks anxiously on. New Deal Remedies. Berryman, Clifford ca [ajo]

28. ELECTION OF 1936 - NATIONAL REFERENDUM ON THE NEW DEAL
Alf Landon
“constitutionally and with a balance budget”
Assassination of Huey Long (Sept 1935)
Union Party (Coughlin, Townsend & Long supporters)
William Lemke
Result: greatest landslide in US history
FDR 61%, Landon 36 % (Maine and VT)
Union Party received fewer than 900K votes
new Democratic coalition:
urban working classes
Northern urban blacks
Traditional progressives
Southern rural whites

29. ELECTION OF 1936 - NATIONAL REFERENDUM ON THE NEW DEAL
Alf Landon
“constitutionally and with a balanced budget”
Result: greatest landslide in US history
FDR 61%, Landon 36 % (Maine and VT)
new Democratic coalition:
urban working classes
Northern urban blacks
Traditional progressives
Southern rural whites

31. The Election of 1936 Candidate Party % Popular Vote Electoral Votes
FDR
Democratic
60.3%
523
Alfred E. Landon
Republican
36.56% 8
William Lemke
Radical
1.93%
Norman Thomas
Socialist
0.41% (2.21 in 1932)
Earl Browder
Communist
0.17 (0.25 in 1932)

32. The Roosevelt Coalition
While Republicans were still relying on their traditional base of political support (big business, big farmers, and conservatives), Democrats broadened their constituency by appealing to small farmers in the Midwest, urban political bosses, ethnic blue collar workers, Jews, intellectuals, and African Americans.

33. NEW DEAL IN DISARRAY “court-packing plan” (1937)
results
“Roosevelt Recession” (1937)
Keynesian economics
John Maynard Keynes
(2nd) Agricultural Adjustment Act (1938)
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)
national minimum wage
Mandated 40 hour work week
New Deal essentially at end:
FDR blunders
continued hard times
Congressional opposition
threat of world crisis
Supreme Court, 1943
SUPREME COURT Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA-OWI Collection [reproduction number LC-DIG-fsac-1a35455 DLC (color digital copy file from original transparency)]
Unemployment : Divine America Past and Present Revised 7th Ed.
Unemployment,

34. Recession of 1937-1938 “Roosevelt Recession” Employment rate was 14.3%
FDR wanted to balance the federal budget
FDR cut federal spending for New Deal programs
Employment rate jumped to 19.0%
1938-Return to deficit spending

35. Gross National Product 1920-1940
Brinkley 10e
Gross National Product

36. NEW DEAL AND LABOR rise of labor unions in the 30s
Wagner Act
decline of welfare capitalism
declining status of business leaders
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
industrial unionism
worked to include blacks & other minorities
John L. Lewis - United Mine Workers
“Memorial Day Massacre” (1937)
"Little Steel“
Revolution in lives of wage workers
higher wages, shorter hours, paid vacations, insurance and unionization that enabled them to settle disputes and have a measure of job security
Labor Union Membership,
Union Membership : Brinkley 10e
Memorial Day Massacre
How do historians know that police officers were largely responsible for the 1937 Memorial Day Massacre in Chicago? There is both photographic and medical evidence of the police's culpability. Covering the story at the Republic Steel plant were a cameraman from Paramount News and photographers from Life magazine and the Wide World Photos syndicate. Paramount News suppressed its film footage, claiming that releasing it "might very well incite local riots," but an enterprising reporter alerted a congressional committee to its existence, and a private viewing was arranged. Spectators at this showing, the reporter noted, "were shocked and amazed by the scenes showing scores of uniformed policemen firing their revolvers pointblank into a dense crowd of men, women, and children, and then pursuing the survivors unmercifully as they made frantic efforts to escape." Medical evidence also substantiated the picketers' version: none of the ten people killed by the police had been shot from the front. Clearly, the demonstrators had been trying to flee the police when they were shot or clubbed to the ground. (WideWorld Photos, Inc.)
Memorial Day Massacre, Chicago, 1937

37. *LASTING IMPACT OF THE NEW DEAL: Political and Economic Results
increased power of the president
Increased role of Federal government in society
Party Realignment; Democratic coalition
Economic:
created the rudiments of the American welfare state
aided the stabilization of the stock market and banking system
established a power base for various disadvantaged groups to challenge the dominance of corporations

38. LASTING IMPACT OF THE NEW DEAL: Social Results
African Americans
became strong supporters of Democratic party (but wages, unemployment)
“black cabinet”
Women
Francis Perkins
Eleanor Roosevelt
American Indians
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
returned political authority to the tribes; tribal governments like city governments
Ended Dawes allotment system; allowed collective land ownership (~ 4 million of the 90 million acres of Indian land lost under the allotment system returned to the tribes)
John Collier – new BIA chief
Eleanor Roosevelt visiting George Washington Carver Hall, men's dormitory for Negroes in Washington, DC
(Library of Congress)
Washington, D.C. Eleanor Roosevelt visiting George Washington Carver Hall, men's dormitory for Negroes
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA-OWI Collection [reproduction number LC-USW C DLC (b&w film neg.) ]
Pueblo Indians in the Indian Service School. Taos, New Mexico 1936
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA-OWI Collection [reproduction number LC-USF D DLC (b&w film nitrate neg.)]
Pueblo Indians in the Indian Service School. Taos, New Mexico 1936 (Library of Congress)

39. LASTING IMPACT OF THE NEW DEAL: Limits and Legacies
positive interpretations
Saved capitalism?
reformed capitalism, offering protection to disadvantaged
completed process of progressive reform, then moved in direction of modern liberalism
accomplished as much as it could against conservative forces
negative interpretations
Failed to end Depression
radical departure from progressive tradition
lacked a central, guiding philosophy
missed many opportunities to help those groups most in need of assistance
Hindered economy’s recovery – market forces more efficient

40. Anti-Third Term Buttons, 1940
Opponents of Roosevelt took to wearing buttons like the ones shown here, expressing their distaste at the prospect of a third term.  In the end, however, it was the confidence instilled by eight years of having Roosevelt at the helm, coupled with fear of war in Europe and Asia (World War II had begun in September 1939), that won out, and Roosevelt was reelected to a third term, capturing just under 55 percent of the vote, or 5 million more votes than Willkie received.  It was his lowest percentage to date, but it was still decisive (and he won 38 states, with 449 electoral votes, to ten states and 82 electoral votes for Willkie). [ajo]

43. The Significance of the New Deal

44. Physical Rehabilitation of Country
Attacked soil erosion
Built dams and planted trees to prevent floods
Reclaimed the grasslands of the Great Plains
Developed water power resources
Encouraged regional reconstruction projects like the TVA and Columbia River project

45. Human Rehabilitation
Established the principle that government has responsibility for the health, welfare, and security, as well as the protection and education of its citizens
Embraced social security, public health, housing
Entered the domain of agriculture and labor

46. Revitalization of Politics
Strengthened executive branch
Reasserted presidential leadership
Revitalized political party as a vehicle for the popular will and as an instrument for effective action.

47. Extension of Democracy
Redefined the concept of democracy so that it included not only political rights but economic security and social justice as well.

52. Government Expenditures
The total cost of the current bailout now exceeds $4.6 trillion dollars. It has cost more than all of these government expenditures combined. Figures in parentheses have been adjusted for inflation:
Marshall Plan: Cost: $12.7 billion ($115.3 billion)
Louisiana Purchase: Cost: $15 million ($217 billion)
Race to the Moon: Cost: $36.4 billion ($237 billion)
S&L Crisis: Cost: $153 billion ($256 billion)
Korean War: Cost: $54 billion ($454 billion)
The New Deal: Cost: $32 billion est.($500 billion est.)
Invasion of Iraq: Cost: $551billion ($597 billion)
Vietnam War: Cost: $111 billion ($698 billion)
NASA: Cost: $416.7 billion ($851.2 billion)
TOTAL: $3.92 trillion

53. SOURCES Brinkley, American History: A Survey 10e
Wadsworth-Thompson
Library of Congress American Memory Project
Rutgers Univ. Teaching Politics Image Bank
Kennedy, American Pageant 13e
Nash, The American People 6e;