1. LIBRARY TRAINING: SCIENCES LIBRARIAN PORTAL LIBRARY CATALOGUE, STEPS IN ONLINE SEARCHING, SERCHING TECHNIQUES, ELECTRONIC DATABASES & REFERENCE TECHNIQUES BOTANY HONOURS STUDENTS 31 th January 2011

2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE 1.Library orientation - Library Support to Honours & Masters Students - Library Webpage - Library Catalogue (incl. NEW Dewey System for books) - Sciences Librarian Portal 2.Steps in online searching 3. Searching techniques 4.Electronic Databases & Internet 5.Reference Techniques 6.Conclusion

3. Library Support to Honours & Masters Students  Subject Librarian Help with Training, Queries & Searches  Course Reserves (books/articles on Reserve)  MyUJLink (your library account)  Inter Campus Loan (borrow books from other Campus)  Inter Library Loan (Borrow books from other Libraries)( Masters )  Letter of Introduction to Other University Libraries ( Masters )  Access to Library Resources with a library PIN  REMOTE ACCESS to Library Resources (Databases)  Managing your Literature references (RefWorks)  Plagiarism: How to avoid it?  Citing and Referencing  Literature Review; Submitting T & D; How to get Published

4. LIBRARY WEBSITE : http://www.uj.ac.za/library SCIENCES LIBRARIAN PORTAL: http://ujsciencelibrarian.pbwork.com/ http://www.uj.ac.za/libraryhttp://ujsciencelibrarian.pbwork.com/

5. LIBRARY CATALOGUE: UJLink

6. New Classification System for Books: Dewey 570 Life Sciences & 580 Botanical Sciences

7. http://ujsciencelibrarian.pbworks.com/Botany-and-Plant-Biotechnology

8. Log-in to the Library Resources: PIN

9. STEPS IN ONLINE SEARCHING Step 1. Identify your topic Step 2. Identify the main terms or keywords Step 3. Combine terms by using Boolean Operators Step 4. Locate and access the Library Resources Step 5. Select an appropriate source Step 6. Ongoing evaluation of the search results Step 7. Refine your search Step 8. Gather citations for your sources Step 9. Stop searching and start writing

10. STEP 1 IDENTIFY YOUR TOPIC  Identify your topic  Narrow your topic - Look up your topic in general and specialised subject encyclopedias.  Write down your topic - Develop several questions that you plan to answer in your paper or speech. This is an important step because your questions will become topic sentences for your outline.

11. STEP 2 IDENTIFY THE MAIN TERMS OR KEYWORDS  Brainstorm for a list of search terms/ keywords  Think of words and phrases related to your topic. Consider broader and narrower terms, and synonyms (words that have the same meaning).  Look up these terms in dictionaries and thesaurus. You may want to look them up in subject specific dictionaries and encyclopedias.  Establish logical relationship between the keywords, by making use of different Searching techniques (AND, OR)  Are there any specific names (authors, geographical locations, etc.) that would focus my search?

12. MAKE USE OF THE THESAURUS Keyword searching is not always the most effective or efficient approach. Different authors use different words to describe the same concept or topic. Trying to think of all the possible ways a concept could be expressed by different people takes much mental effort, and chances are that you'll still miss a few. Instead, let the database itself help you. Most databases have a Thesaurus with lists of selected words or phrases. Known as "controlled vocabulary," it is used to describe concepts. The single word or phrase listed in the Thesaurus can replace all the words you might try to think of yourself.

13. STEP 3 COMBINE TERMS BY USING : BOOLEAN OPERATORS  When searching the UJ Library Catalogue, the Databases or the Internet websites, using Boolean Operators helps you broaden or narrow your search and its results. - AND narrows your search, - OR broadens your search, and - NOT excludes certain terms Use truncation symbols (usually ? or *) to capture all forms of words (e.g., educat? will retrieve education, educating, and educators).

14. STEP 4 LOCATE AND ACCESS THE LIBRARY RESOURCES  Go to: UJ Library webpage (http://www.uj.ac.za/library)http://www.uj.ac.za/library  Click on: Subject Collections  Then select: Science Librarian Portal or go directly to: http://ujsciencelibrarian.pbwork.com/ http://ujsciencelibrarian.pbwork.com/  Most databases can be accessed remotely (from home).  Click on: UJLink (http://ujlink.uj.ac.za)http://ujlink.uj.ac.za To search for the print collections in the library, and also to search simultaneously multiple resources (print AND electronic)

15. STEP 5 SELECT AN APPROPRIATE SOURCE  For background, basic information consider: - UJ Library catalogue : to search for print general and subject specific encyclopedias, handbooks, and other reference books. - Databases: to search for electronic reference works, such as: Oxford Reference Online, Oxford English Dictionary, Combined Chemical Dictionary, AccessScience (McGraw), Encyclopedia of Energy,

16. STEP 5 SELECT AN APPROPRIATE SOURCE  Find books for overviews, retrospective, and historical information - UJ Library Catalogue – search for books, government documents, historical information, rare-books collections, etc. - Databases – to search for electronic books and electronic retrospective information (JSTOR, etc.)

17. STEP 5 SELECT AN APPROPRIATE SOURCE  Find Current Information - For current information consider the use of the Electronic Bibliographic and Full-text databases available in the library - Additional search from Internet: Consider searching selected Internet websites, such as: Google Scholar; Scirus ; etc.

18. STEP 6 ONGOING EVALUATION OF THE SEARCH RESULTS  Evaluation determines how effectively and efficiently the information need was satisfied.  Evaluate the sources you’ve found, paying attention to their relevance, purpose, value, accuracy, and authors’ credibility.  Remember that Internet sources should also be evaluated for bias and inaccuracies, and you should pay attention to whether the sites present facts or opinions.  As you start to create an outline of your project or paper, note areas where you need more information.

19. STEP 7 REFINE YOUR SEARCH  You need to be prepared for unexpected search results (too much or too little information retrieved)  If your search did not yield enough results, try searching a broader terms. If your search yield too many results, use narrow terms. Make sure you are using Boolean operators correctly  Use alternative keywords (synonyms)  Try different databases  As a rough guide, find twice as many sources as your lecturer requires. For example, if your lecturer asks you to find 5 items, aim for 10. This allows you to choose from plenty of sources rather than being stuck with too few or relying on an incomplete collection of sources

20. STEP 8 GATHER CITATIONS FOR YOUR SOURCES  As you’re doing research, you should write down the bibliographic information (author, title, publisher, date of publication, etc.). This will enable you to be prepared to create a “Bibliography”, “References” or “Works Cited” list. Use RefWoks.  In books, you’ll find this information collected on a “title page,” one of the first few pages. Online journals print this information at the top/bottom of the page. Print journals usually have this information on their covers.  Web pages are inconsistent about this information, so ask for help if you have trouble locating it.

21. STEP 9 STOP SEARCHING AND START WRITING  How do you know when you have enough information?  This is hard to judge, but you need to do more research if you still have questions about what you’re reading or if there are names and ideas that you’re not sure about.  Once you have all the information you have gathered it is time to start writing  If you still experience problems, contact your Subject Librarian for assistance

22. Write you project/assignment  Follow these simple steps: -Gather the information from the databases and books -Read and make notes -Acknowledge “in-text” referencing (you will forget later from where you get that section) -Compile Reference list (select the Harvard method, which is requested by the Department) -Write the paper, check, make adjustments.

23. SEARCHING TECHNIQUES  SEARCH STRATEGY Understand what is required Identify the concepts Translate the concepts into keywords BOOLEAN OPERATORS ( AND, OR, NOT) TRUNCATION ( * ) WILDCARD CHARACTER ( ? ) PHRASE SEARCH ( “ “ ) USE OF PARENTHESIS ( )

24. BOOLEAN OPERATORS: AND, OR, NOT  DEFINITIONS OF BOOLEAN OPERATORS  Boolean operators are the words used to group, combine, or intersect terms when searching databases. Boolean operators provide a way to tell a computer how to combine your keywords/ terms. In other words, they refer to the logical relationship among search terms.  The operators used more frequently are AND & OR and not so frequently NOT. They are used to combine search terms to broaden or narrow the results of a search. OR is more, AND is less.

25. BOOLEAN OPERATOR: AND Using AND tells the database to look for all the words on either side of the AND. Thus, a search for "success AND adult learners AND distance education" would retrieve only records in which every one of the terms appears. The more words you connect with AND, the fewer records the database will retrieve. AND means "I want only documents that contain both words."

26. BOOLEAN OPERATOR: OR  OR The more terms or concepts we combine in a search with OR logic, the more records we will retrieve.  Using OR tells the database to look for any one of the words on either side of the OR.  Thus, a search for "success OR achievement OR progress OR goals" would retrieve records in which any one of the terms appears.  OR means "I want documents that contain either word; I don't care which word."

27. BOOLEAN OPERATOR: NOT Although NOT is considered a connector, it probably should be called "The Eliminator." Use it very carefully, as it excludes any terms that follow it. You may end up losing valuable information when you use NOT. NOT logic is used to exclude a particular concept/term. We retrieve only records in which ONLY ONE of the terms is present.

28. TRUNCATION ( * ) After identifying all the possible relevant search terms, decide whether you are going to use Truncation to EXTEND the search strategy. Truncation may be used to restrict the search to WORD STEM ( right truncation) Biotechno* will retrieve information on biotechnology, biotechnique, etc.

29. PHRASE SEARCHING (“ ”) Phrase searching, use the quotation marks to search for results that contained those words together, rather than search for all instances of each separate word: “economic botany” ; “South Africa” “plant biotechnology”

30. USE OF PARENTHESIS ( ) The use of parenthesis is very important in the grouping of search terms, not only for clarity on search terms representing the same concept, but also for instructing the computer in WHAT ORDER the search should be executed. ( Actinea acaulis OR Hymenoxys acaulis ) AND “ South Africa” The word “South Africa” will be combined with both terms before creating the final set Actinea acaulis synonym of Hymenoxys acaulis (Angelita Daisy) Hymenoxys acaulis

31. ELECTRONIC DATABASES & INTERNET  Difference between Bibliographic & Full-text databases  Bibliographic databases & the Research plan  How to find FULL-TEXT journals in the library  How to find a specific journals electronically: A-to-Z list  Electronic Databases (Bibliographic & Full-text)  How to search the electronic databases for articles/references

32. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BIBLIOGRAPHIC AND FULL- TEXT DATABASES Bibliographic Database A bibliographic database is an online database that lists sources of information and describes the information, but that does not include the text of the information itself. It contains only references to various types of documents such as journal articles, books, conference papers and reports. Full-text database A full-text database holds the complete text of original sources. The user can read the article, print, e-mail or download a copy. NOTE: Full-text databases also provides access to abstracts only (Some journals have Publishers restrictions for displaying the full-text articles)

33. HOW A BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE SEARCH FITS INTO THE RESEARCH PLAN  A search of a bibliographic database is the first step in investigating a new research area or refining a research project.  Surveying the previous research enables you to pinpoint topics for further research or replication of that research.  You can also use a search to locate general articles and books on your topic to broaden your understanding of it and to learn about recent developments.  After your research is complete, you can use a bibliographic search as an efficient way to find articles on your topic that were published since your initial search, in order to incorporate these recent findings into your report.  Once references are retrieved from a bibliographic databases, you need to try and find the full-text articles.

34. Search for Journals & Journal Articles

35. HOW TO FIND FULL-TEXT JOURNALS: A-to-Z Journal List Through the Sciences Librarian Portal or Botany Subject Guide  Go to A-to-Z list  Type the journal title you are looking for and Click: Search  If the journal is available full-text it will be displayed.  If available electronically, Click on the blue database title and the journal link will open  Click on the volume and issue you are looking for  Find the article and click on the full-text link to open  Click on print/email/save/export options  If only available in print, Click on “UJ Library Catalogue” link to display the location & shelf number

36. A-to-Z Journals

38. UJLink: Library Catalogue (http://ujlink.uj.ac.za/)http://ujlink.uj.ac.za/ List of Datab ases Your Library Account Search for Print & Online Journals & Books

39. 3. Open Science Directory: Freely available scholarly journals

40. MULTIDISCIPLINARY BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES - Africa-Wide Information (EbscoHost) - Biological & Agricultural Index - Current Contents: Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (ABES) - Current Contents: Life Sciences - Current Contents: Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences (PCES) - Sabinet Online (access to SA Media, SA National Bibliography, Article First, etc.) - Science Citation Index - Water & Oceans Worldwide

41. MULTIDISCIPLINARY FULL-TEXT DATABASES - Academic Onefile (Infotrac) - Academic Search Complete (EbscoHost) - JSTOR (Retrospective database, 3-5 years back file) - MasterFILE Premier (EbscoHost) - SA E-publications ( South African journals) - ScienceDirect ( Elsevier Publ. journals) - Science Online Magazine (full-text) - SpringerLink ( - Wiley Online Library Springer and Kluwer Publ. journals)

44. WILEY ONLINE LIBRARY (full-text, 1997+)

45. SPRINGER LINK DATABASE

46. BOTANY SUBJECT DATABASE: CABIDIRECT

48. SOUTH AFRICAN DATABASES  Africa-Wide Nipad (EbscoHost) Works published in and about Africa & South Africa  SA E-Publications Bibliographic and full-text access to South African journals  Sabinet Online Access to various databases with SA content

49. RESEARCH DATABASES  Africa-Wide NIPAD ( incl. Current & Completed Research in SA)  Journal Citation Report (JCR)  NEXUS (Current & Completed Research in SA)  Sabinet Online (Current & Completed Research, Accredited SA journals, Government Gazette)  UJ E-Thesis’s & Dissertations – electronic access to UJ research

50. JOURNAL CITATION REPORT JCR is comprehensive and unique resource that allows you to evaluate and compare journals using citation data SEARCH FOR JOURNALS IMPACT FACTOR PER: SUBJECT, PUBLISHER OR COUNTRY

51. RefWorks An online research management, writing and collaboration tool -- to help researchers easily gather, manage, store and share all types of information, as well as generate citations and bibliographies

52. UJ Theses & Dissertations UJ Institutional repositories

53. Access this Glogster poster for quick way to learn about “Writing a Research Paper” http://ujsciencelib.glogster.com/writing-a-research-report/? http://ujsciencelib.glogster.com/writing-a-research-report/

54. Online Books & Reference works Full-text Online Books Portal: http://ujsciencelibrarian.pbworks.com/Online-Books http://ujsciencelibrarian.pbworks.com/Online-Books

55. REFERENCE TECHNIQUES To access full Reference Techniques document, go to the Library main page: http://www.uj.ac.za/library Click on: Reference Techniques OR Consult the reference techniques from “South African Journal of Botany” Available through “ScienceDirect” database

56. REFERENCE TECHNIQUES: TERMINOLOGY  Citation : recognizing resources in-text (to support an “argument”/conclusion)  Reference list : List of resources used – bibliographic details  Bibliography : list of relevant documents – used and additional reading material

57. REFERENCE TECHNIQUES Avoid Plagiarism by :  Keeping a record of all the sources - books, e-mails, lectures (when, who, what?)  Linking own ideas with that obtained from sources  Collecting/using a wide range of sources  Acknowledge, acknowledge, acknowledge!

58. Basic in-text referencing (citing) In-text reference where the author of the source is known Simply use whatever you used as author in the reference, as well as the year of publication. Always insert the page number where possible. Examples: …the result of this is a “technical super identity” (Erikson, 1967:20). Azar and Martin (1999) found that… (As part of the sentence) …thus Cox (1966:52) refers to the modern urbanite as… In-text reference to more than one source: In-text reference to more than one author should be ordered alphabetically. Examples: More recent studies (Bartlett, 1992; James, 1998) show that… The researchers (Bartlett, 1992:54; Brown, 1876:56; James, 1998:45) refer to…

59. GENERAL FORMS FOR REFERENCE LISTS Non-periodical Author, A.A. (1994). Title of work. Location: Publisher. Non-periodicals include items published separately: books, reports,brochures, certain monographs, manuals, and audiovisual media. Part of a Non-periodical Author, A.A. & Author, B.B. (1994). Title of chapter. In Title of book. Edited by Editor, A., Editor, B. & Editor, C. Location: Publisher. Periodica l Author, A.A., Author, B.B. & Author, C.C. (1994). Title of article. Title of periodical, xx:xxx-xxxx. (Volume/Issue number/Pages) Periodicals include items published on a regular basis: journals, magazines, scholarly newsletters, etc. Online periodical Author, A.A., Author, B.B. & Author, C.C. (2000). Title of article. Title of periodical, xx:xxx-xxxx. (Volume/Issue number/Pages) Available from: web address (Accessed day Month year). Online document Author, A.A. (2000). Title of work. Available from: web address (Accessed day Month year).