1. Unix GUI Guntis Barzdins Girts Folkmanis

2. Exception: MacOS X uses a proprietary Aqua windowing system (more efficient than X11)

3. Classic X11 [Guntis-Computer:/usr/X11R6/bin] guntis% ls X luit xbiff xlsclients Xmark makedepend xcalc xlsfonts Xnest makeg xclipboard xmag Xprt makepsres xclock xman Xquartz makestrs xcmsdb xmessage Xvfb mergelib xconsole xmh appres mkcfm xcursor-config xmkmf atobm mkdirhier xcutsel xmodmap bdftopcf mkfontdir xditview xon bdftruncate mkfontscale xdm xprop beforelight mkhtmlindex xdpyinfo xrandr bitmap oclock xedit xrdb bmtoa proxymngr xev xrefresh ccmakedep pswrap xeyes xset cleanlinks quartz-wm xfd xsetmode cxpm resize xfindproxy xsetpointer dpsexec revpath xfontsel xsetroot dpsinfo rman xfs xsm dumpkeymap rstart xfsinfo xstdcmap editres rstartd xft-config xterm fc-cache sessreg xfwp xtrapchar fc-list setxkbmap xgamma xtrapin fontconfig-config showfont xgc xtrapinfo freetype-config showrgb xhost xtrapout fslsfonts smproxy xinit xtrapproto fstobdf startx xkbbell xtrapreset gccmakedep sxpm xkbcomp xtrapstats glxgears texteroids xkbevd xvidtune glxinfo twm xkbprint xvinfo iceauth ucs2any xkbvleds xwd ico uxterm xkbwatch xwininfo imake viewres xkill xwud lbxproxy x11perf xload listres x11perfcomp xlogo lndir xauth xlsatoms [Guntis-Computer:/usr/X11R6/bin] guntis% man xwud

4. Topics  X Windows X Protocol Classic X apps Starting X apps Window managers Desktop environments Desktop applications

5. X Window  The X Window system was developed as part of Project Athena at MIT. In 1987, X Version 11 is released. X is now controlled and maintained by the Open Group.  The X Windows System, also referred to as ‘X’ or “X11”, is the standard graphical engine for Unix and Linux.  It is largely OS and hardware independent, it is network-transparent, and it supports many different desktops.

6. The Graphic User Interface in X  X Window uses a bit-mapped display where each pixel can be manipulated individually.  The entire display is known as the root window, and individual applications are displayed as windows on this root window.  X is started with the startx or xinit commands. X can also be invoked during system startup

7. X Protocol The X Protocol provides a client-server architecture at the application level: The X client is the processing part of the application and often runs on a remote machine. The X server is the display and interaction system.

8. X Protocol cont’d The X Protocol is also divided into device dependent and device independent layers.

9. X Server Design  Device Dependent Layer It is this layer that is responsible for localizing the X server to the native environment, be it Windows NT or Solaris. This layer swaps bytes of data from machines with differing byte ordering. Byte ordering (MSB and LSB) is noted in each X request. This layer hides the architectural differences in hardware and operating systems. Maintains device driver dependencies for keyboard, mouse and video.

10. Networked Windowing  X Window designed to allow apps to run on remote machines  Uses client-server model X Server std system software Client app software Network User

11. X architecture The client-server nature of the X Protocol allows a single X server to support many clients (applications) on several hosts.

12. Client-Server Window System Application 1Application 2Application n Client Application Programs Virtual display 1 Virtual display n Resource allocator Device driver Window 2 Window n Window 1 MouseKeyboard (After Fig 10.2, Dix, Finlay, Abowd and Beale) Virtual display 2 Server Devices Device-independent abstraction level Translates abstraction into reality: one per terminal type Could be Window Manager

13. X Protocol messages Requests – client sends requests to the server (e.g. create window) Replies – server response to client requests Events – server forwards events (such as mouse clicks or keyboard entry) to the client Errors – server reports errors to the client

14. X Server The X server therefore:  displays drawing requests on the screen.  replies to information requests.  reports an error in a request.  Manages the keyboard, mouse and display device. Multiplexes keyboard and mouse input onto the network (or via local IPC) to the respective X clients. (X events)  creates, maps and destroys windows. writes and draws in windows

15. X Client  sends requests to the server.  receives events from server.  receives errors from the server

16. Protocol Messages Requests  X clients make requests to the X server for a certain action to take place. i.e.: Create Window  To enhance performance, the X client normally does not expect nor wait for a response. The request is typically left to the reliable network layer to deliver.

17. Protocol Messages Replies  The X server will respond to certain X client requests that require a reply. As noted, not all requests require a reply.

18. Protocol Messages Events  The X server will forward to the X client an event that the application is expecting. This could include keyboard or mouse input. To minimize network traffic, only expected events are sent to X clients.  X events are 32 bytes

19. Protocol Messages Errors  The X server will report errors in requests to the X client. Errors are like an event but are handled differently.  X errors are the same size as events to simplify their handling. They are sent to the error handling routine of the X client.

20. X Windows Protocol Overview X Windows is the predominate windowing system on UNIX computers, developed by the X Consortium, lead by M.I.T. An X server manages the display on the workstation. Clients can connect to server via TCP/IP and perform graphics operations. This makes X Windows much more network capable than Microsoft Windows, for example, which can only be accessed via a local API. X Windows operates over TCP, typically using server port numbers starting with 6000. The X server for a system's first display listens on port 6000; if the system has a second display, its server listens on port 6001; a third display would listen on 6002; etc. The protocol used over this reliable stream connection is essentially request/reply, and it's reputation is as a fat protocol that consumes a lot of bandwidth. Lightweight X (LWX), introduced in X11R6, attempts to reduces X's bandwidth needs to the point where it can be run over dialup modem connections. The X Protocol, documented in a postscript file, defines dozens of messages that can be exchanged between a client and a server. They can generally be classified into four categories: Requests, Replies, Events, and Errors. Typical requests include Draw PolyLine, Draw Text, Create Window, Fill. Replies are matched to particular Requests. Events are asynchronous occurances such as keystrokes and mouse clicks. Errors are matched to particular Requests. If a window is partially or fully obscured by another, overlapping window, the server has two options available to it. The server can allocate additional memory, called backing store, to record to contents of the obscured window. This is purely optional, however. The server can simply ignore the obscured part of the window. Later, when that part of the window becomes visible again, the server sends an Expose event to the client, which must then redraw the affected area. The client, therefore, must be prepared to redraw any part of its windows at any time. Applications do not need to access the X Windows protocol directly. X Windows supports several APIs. The most basic of these is Xlib, which interfaces fairly directly to the underlying network protocol. Most X client applications are linked against Xlib, which allows them to operate on either a local or remote X server, simply by adjusting either an environment variable or a command-line argument. Widgets layer on top of Xlib and provide X Windows with an object-oriented programming model. A widget is an X window capable of handling most of its own protocol interaction. The most popular widget sets are Athena Widgets (aw) and Motif. X Window's security model is all-or-nothing. Either an application can perform any operation on an X desktop, or it can perform none. There is no concept of limiting an application to a single top-level window, for example. Although there is power in this model, such as allowing the window manager to be a normal X client, there are also serious performance implications. A hostile X client could connect to an X server and arrange to capture any screen image, or even to capture keystrokes as a password is being typing in one of the windows. For this reasons, X servers are typically fairly restrictive about which clients they will accept connections from. Two major security models are available. Host-based security (traditionally controlled by the xhost program), permits or denies connections based on their source IP addresses. Authentication (traditionally controlled by the xauth program), requires the connecting program to possess a secret password, typically stored in a UNIX file and subject to standard UNIX access controls. Kerberos-based authentication is also available.

21. Starting X Windows On a local PC or workstation, you can usually start the X server with the “xinit” (“startx”) command or it may be started automatically by “xdm” (graphical login display). Configuration stored in /etc/XF86Config Usually edited with utility /usr/X11R6/bin/xf86config or /usr/X11R6/bin/xf86cfg

22. xf86cfg

23. Configuring X Windows  mouseconfig Command used to configure a mouse for use by X Windows  xconfigurator A program that is used to configure video adapter card and monitor information for use by X Windows redhat-config-xfree86 used in recent Red Hat & in Fedora

24. Configuring X Windows  Fedora and X Windows configuration Fedora has greatly improved video & monitor detection Not included in Fedora (Red Hat only): SuperProbe Xf86config Xconfigurator

25. Starting X applications To launch an X client from a remote host for display on the local X server, you need to set two things: 1) Permission for the remote host to display X clients on the local machine. xhost +remotehost 2) The target display for the remote application. setenv DISPLAY=server:display [hostname]:displaynumber[.screennumber] not needed, if same host “0” in most casesdefaults to “0”

26. /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc (xinit) or /home/g/.xsession (xdm) #!/bin/sh # $Id: xinitrc,v 1.2 2003/02/27 19:03:30 jharper Exp $ xrdb -load $HOME/.Xresources xsetroot -solid gray & xclock -g 50x50-0+0 -bw 0 & xterm & # start the window manager exec twm #!/bin/sh # $Id: xinitrc,v 1.2 2003/02/27 19:03:30 jharper Exp $ xrdb -load $HOME/.Xresources xsetroot -solid gray & xclock -g 50x50-0+0 -bw 0 & xterm & # start the window manager exec twm last line: replaces shell-script with window manager, will terminate all background processes on exit loads resources: default fonts, colours, window sizes xinit exceutes this script

27. Window managers One can use X11 without a window manager. Typically, one writes a session script which starts an "xterm" at a "-geometry" location. One then starts other X11 clients by giving their "-geometry" explicitly, because there is no window manager The window manager is a special X client that controls the placement and movement of applications, provides title bars and control buttons, menus and taskbars. Some support virtual desktops and very fancy graphics. When a window manager is running, some of interaction between the X server and its clients is redirected through the window manager. Classic window managers include: TWM MWM - Motif Window Manager Nowadays, KDE (kwm) and GNOME (sawfish) are two widely used window managers in Linux.

28. The Tab Window Manager (TWM)

29. xterm The most important X application is, rather ironically, the terminal program xterm. Old school xterm:

30. xterm: The Main Client  You can invoke all UNIX commands and X programs form the UNIX command line available in an xterm window.  xterm can also be used with a scrollbar ( -sb ), and the number of lines saved can be specified ( -sl ).  You can position and specify the size and position of a window (- geometry) and its foreground and background color (-fg and -bg).  You can start a program as an icon (-icon) and provide a name (- name) or title (-title).

31. Some classic X apps xclock – pretty self-explanatory

32. Some classic X apps xeyes – ok, this is really the most important

33. xnest

34. XFree86 “In short, XFree86 is an open source X11-based desktop infrastructure.” – xfree86.org X.org Foundation – sucessor of XFree86 Used in most Linux distributions

35. Window managers, Widget toolkits, Desktop environments, Desktop applications

36. X and the GUI  X itself provides the back end needed for a GUI. It doesn’t, however, provide an interface itself.  Window management functions – e.g. moving or resizing windows – are performed by a window manager, which is itself an X client. These range from the spartan (twm) to the complex and graphically intensive (Enlightenment).  There are various different toolkits for creating graphical applications, providing libraries of widgets such as buttons etc. These range from the old and ugly (Motif) to the new and shiny (GTK+, Qt)  No two users can be assumed to have the same window manager and different applications can use different toolkits (or even write their own). Therefore, there’s a lack of consistency about the average X desktop – this makes things ugly and can be hard to use.

37. Why not only a basic X11 environment?  Most X11 applications have important shortcomings: Application Interoperability is too hard User Interface is inconsistent and of unequal quality  Modern desktop environment brings the "glue" Drag & Drop, Session Management, etc... Consistent "look and feel" Unified Help System Easy dialog based desktop configuration Common application development framework (-> MFC) Compound document framework (-> OLE)  New exciting possibilities: Hundreds of new applications (including Office) Powerful application development environment

40. Linux GUI Components Desktop Environment Window Manager X Windows Graphical Programs (X clients) Video Adapter Card Hardware

41. Motif Window manager and Widgets

42. KDE  KDE is the traditional desktop environment used on Linux systems  K Windows Manager (kwm) The window manager that works under the KDE Desktop Environment  Qt toolkit Software toolkit used with the KDE Desktop environment

43. Linux Developement  Qt Class Library C++ Cross Platform Qt/Windows Qt/X11 (Linux, Solaris, HPUX, AIX, etc) Qt/Mac GPL – Free for non-commercial apps Qt was used to build KDE from Trolltech in Norway www.trolltech.com

46. Gnome  GNOME Desktop Environment Default desktop environment in Red Hat Linux Typically uses the Sawfish Window Manager and the GTK+ toolkit for the C programming language The GTK+ toolkit was originally developed for the GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) Ported also to MS Win, MacOS X planned

47. Bluecurve  Bluecurve Both a visual theme and a set of modifications to the KDE and GNOME environments Gives both a common “look & feel” Smooths out inconsistent behaviors between the different WMs

48. The KDE Desktop Environment

49. The Bluecurve + KDE in Fedora

50. The GNOME Desktop Environment

51. The Bluecurve + GNOME in Fedora

52. KDE and Gnome architectures

53. What is a desktop?  It is the top of a desk  It is a pc cabinet for the desktop  It is the graphical user interface (GUI) on a pc  It is the graphical enviroment for the average user on a pc

54. KDE and GNOME  K Desktop Environment KDE is a "complete desktop environment that try to make linux accessible to everybody" At present KDE 3.5  GNU Network Object Model Environment AIM: "GNOME Intends to build a complete, user- friendly desktop, similar to CDE or KDE, but based entirely on free software" At present GNOME 2.14

55. KDE http://www.kde.org/

56. KDE

57. GNOME http://www.gnome.org/

58. Render Extension - Shadows

59. Render Extension - Translucency

60. Render Extension – anti-alias font

61. SuperKaramba - dynamic background info

62. More GUI on Linux  X Window server  Window Managers KDE GNOME WindowMaker FVWM Enlightenment IceWM CorelLinux

63. WindowMaker http://www.windowmaker.org/

64. FVWM http://www.fvwm.org/

65. Enlightment http://www.enlightenment.org/

66. IceWM http://iceorg.sourceforge.net/

67. Corel Linux http://linux.corel.com/

68. Office suites for Linux  WordPerfect Office  ApplixWare  StarOffice  GNOME Office  KOffice

69. WordPerfect Officesuite  Corel WordPerfect QuattroPro Presentation Paradox (CorelDRAW)  Danish September  Proprietary  ~ 2.000 Dkr Sorry no screenshot available

70. Applixware  Applix Words Spreadsheets Presents Graphics Data  Danish spellchecker  Proprietary  ~ 800 Dkr

71. StarOffice / OpenOffice  SUN Microsystems Writer Calc Impress Draw Base  Danish in june  Free, not Open Source

72. KOffice  KDE project KWord KSpread Kpresenter Killustrator KChart  Open Source

73. GNOME Office  GNOME project AbiWord Gnumeric GIMP Dia GNOME-DB  Open Source

74. Other desktop applications  GIMP Image editor á la Adobe Photoshop Free and open Thousands of plug-ins  Mozilla Webbrowser (Firefox) Mailclient (Thunderbird)

75. Office Suites

76. Using X windows remotely on a MS-Windows machine.  You need to get a program called an “Xserver”. Exceed works well and is free for academic use. Cygwin is another option.  You must allow X-forwarding through your ssh client. Putty is good for this.

81. X server security configuration xhost xhost simply allows you to specify which machines are, or aren't allowed to connect to the X server, this is a very simplistic security mechanism and is not really suitable in any modern environment, however used in conjunction with other mechanisms it can help. The command is quite simple: 'xhost +example.org' adds example.org, 'xhost - example.org' removes example.org from the list, you must also specify 'xhost -' to turn on the access control list, or else everyone is let in by default. mkxauth mkxauth is definitely a step up from xhost. mkxauth helps create ~/.Xauthority files, and merge them, which are used to specify hostnames and the related magic cookies (basically a token used to gain access). These cookies can then be used to gain access to a remote X host (you essentially have a copy of the cookie on each end) and are transferred either plain text (insecure) or DES encrypted (quite secure). Using this method you can be relatively safe and secure. Xauthority files can also be used in conjunction with Kerberos, removing the necessity to copy Xauthority files around and keep them in synchronization. Hosts authenticate to each other through a central Kerberos key server(s) in an encrypted fashion, this method is most appropriate for large installations/etc. mkxauth has an excellent man page 'man mkxauth' and more generalized details are available in the Xsecurity man page (not sure how common this name page is) 'man Xsecurity'. SSH tunnel SSH or OpenSSH can be used to create a tunnel between hosts (or more specifically between two X servers), thus encrypting the channel, providing authentication, and generally making things safer. The following web page explains it http://csociety.ecn.purdue.edu/~sigos/projects/ssh/forwarding/.

82. Mac OS X

83. Mac OS X Architecture Apple’s Boiled Sweets diagram http://developer.apple.com/macosx/architecture/