1. Chapter 1 From Human Prehistory to the Early Civilizations

2. Prehistory – time before writing
Terms
Prehistory – time before writing

3. What are some examples of artifacts?
Archaeologist
Artifacts – human made objects
What are some examples of artifacts?

4. Stone Age A. Paleolithic – Old Stone Age (2.5 million to 8000 BCE)
1. Technology – Stone tools, fire, language

5. 2. Art – Cave paintings, possibly religious meaning (usually of animals)
3. Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania – Humans originated in E. Africa

6. 4. Gender Roles Men: hunt large animals
Women: gathered, cared for children, maintained tools, clothing and prepared food.

7. B. Mesolithic – Middle Stone Age (12000-8000 BCE)
After last ice age
Domesticated Animals

8. **Neolithic Revolution AKA Agriculture Revolution**
C. Neolithic – New Stone Age BCE
**Neolithic Revolution AKA Agriculture Revolution**

9. Why did farming happen?
Population increase
Climate change
Gradual experimentation by gatherers

10. Why do you think the development of agriculture occurred around the same time in several different places?

11. Why do some archeologists believe that women were the first farmers?

12. Effect of Agricultural Revolution
Population increase
Labor divided into food-producing and non-producing job hierarchies

13. Social complexities = greater gender differences
Disease increased = need for higher birthrate

14. D. Bronze Age
4000 BCE people began to work with copper
(instead of rocks)

15. Why is the Neolithic Revolution a turning point in history?

16. Civilization
Started after Neolithic Revolution; in the cooperative effort of irrigation

17. Eight Features of a Civilization
Cities are the central feature of a civilization: without them, you do not have a civilization!

18. 1. Cities

19. 2. Organized Government

20. 3. Complex Religion

21. 4. Job Specialization

22. 5. Social Classes
KING
PRIEST
WORKERS
SLAVES

23. 6. Art and Architecture

24. 7. Public Works

25. 8. Writing

26. Mesopotamia (Sumerians) “land between 2 Rivers”

27. A. Between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers-Fertile Crescent.

28. Independent city-states ruled by a king
B. Political Organization:
Theocracy
Independent city-states ruled by a king
Shared Culture, Developed own government
Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Ur (major cities)

29. C. Religion
Polytheistic (3000 gods)
Ziggurats – temples used for worship
Epic of Gilgamesh (Noah’s Ark) (long poem)
Geography affects religion!

30. Kings/Priests – talked to gods Wealthy merchants Peasants (90%)
D. Society
Kings/Priests – talked to gods
Wealthy merchants
Peasants (90%)
Slaves (POW or sold into by parents

31. Cuneiform – wrote on clay tablets
E. Writing
Cuneiform – wrote on clay tablets
Scribes/priests did most of the writing

32. Technology 60

33. Wheel
Sail
Plow
#’s based on 60
Copper
1st system of writing
Irrigation

34. Judaism Began around 2000BCE in present day Palestine (Israel)
Monotheistic – Yahweh – created the world and all living things
Holy Law – Ten Commandments

35. Holy Book – Torah (1st five books of the Old Testament)
Prophets – were God’s voice for the people and told people God’s will.
Major Difference: All people had access to God (not just priests)

36. Holy Book – Torah (1st five books of the Old Testament)
Prophets – were God’s voice for the people and told people God’s will.
Major Difference: All people had access to God (not just priests)

37. Israelites – Followers of Judaism
Jerusalem – Capital City
Reign of Kings:
King Saul
King David
King Solomon – Built the temple for God

38. After Solomon; Israel divided into 2 Kingdoms:
Kingdom of Israel – 10 Northern Tribes (Samaria); overrun by the Assyrians in 722BCE
Kingdom of Judah – (Jerusalem); Chaldeans destroyed Jerusalem (586BCE)

39. Eventually Israelites were captured and enslaved in Babylon