1. The Atomic Bomb: The Effects of Obtaining Extraordinary Power William Kahn

2. The Manhattan Project Started in 1942 by the United States with support from the United Kingdom and Canada Led by J.R. Oppenheimer to create the world’s first atomic bomb Employed over 130,000 people (scientists, engineers and laborers)

3. End of WWII The atomic bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki occurred on August 6 th, 1945 and August 9 th, 1945. Japan surrendered soon after To this date, the only time in history that the atomic bomb was used in warfare

4. The Smyth Report Just three days after the atomic bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, on August 12, 1945, H.D. Smyth released his book, Atomic Energy for Military Purposes, or better known as The Smyth Report. Summarized the previously declassified discoveries of the Manhattan Project and the associated nuclear physics

5. Modern Safeguards The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was formed in 1970 to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Part of the treaty includes the International Atomic Energy Agency Safeguards, which represent specific means of controlling non- proliferation.

6. Sources H.D. Smyth. Atomic Energy for Military Purposes. Princeton University: Review Of Modern Physics, Volume 27, Number 4, 1945. Barnaby, Frank. How Nuclear Weapons Spread: Nuclear-Weapon proliferation in the 1990s. London, 1993. Kelly, Cynthia C. Remembering the Manhattan Project: Perspectives on Making the Atomic Bomb and Its Legacy. New Jersey, 2005.