1. As the World Shrinks: South Asia
Ming China
The voyages of Zheng He
Qing China
Tokugawa Japan
The Yi dynasty in Korea

2. Chapter 22 – Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change

3. Ming Dynasty
Chinese civilization flourished culturally, agriculturally and commercially. Provide stability for over 300 years

4. Doing Things Right Strengthening the Great Wall – Kept the Mongols out
Restored civil service exams
Nationwide school system
Completion of he Grand Canal
Commerce and trade received much-needed boost

5. Zheng he and Chinese Exploration
“Almost” turning point in history
Explored Indian Ocean and the East coast of Africa (aided by the Chinese invention of the compass)
Returned with giraffes, ostriches and zebras
Confucian scholars were resistant to change (Not impressed with outside world)
Zheng He died, explorations ended with a big “what if.”

6. Hongwu – First Ming emperor – drove out Mongols; reinstated and expanded the civil service examination and Confucian ideas, Ming rulers were embracing the Han dynasty
50 years after last of the Zhenghe expeditions, China developed a policy of isolation, trading and navy allowed to decline
Macao and Canton – only two ports in Ming china where European were allowed to trade

7. The Fall of Ming Plagued with weal rulers and corruption
High taxes on the people led to peasant unrest
Bad harvest
The last Ming emperor hung himself to a tree in the palace gardens

8. The Rise of the Qing
The Manchu from Manchuria overthrow the Ming dynasty and ruled China for 300 years ( )
The Manchu forced all the Chinese men to adopt the Mnachu style of dress and culture. This included shaved foreheads and braided pigtails called queues

9. The Great Kangxi Stabilized the frontiers
He was tolerant of the new Christian missionaries; over 300,000 Chinese converted
After his death the policy changed into suppression

10. Those Sneaky Europeans
( ) European powers were able to make a significant impact on Chinese
Peasants rebellion – White Lotus Rebellion – weaken government
Europeans push for trading privileges

11. Matteo Ricci
The most famous Jesuit missionary to China was Matteo Ricci. He and fellow Jesuits were respected by the Chinese because of their ability to use the Chinese language and respect for Confucianism.
Founder of the Chinese Christian Church

12. Chinese Society and Culture
Based on Confucian principles, worked to benefits all members of the family with wealthier families helping poorer families
Organized around the family
Respect for elders
To this day in China the family is more important than the individual. An example of this comes from the way food is ordered. In America, everyone orders individually, but in China, one order is placed for the whole family

13. Women in China Still regarded as inferior to men
Only men could obtain a formal education and career
Women could not divorce their husbands or inherit property
Binding women’s feet continued through the Qing period
Women were still at the bottom of Chinese society

14. The first Portuguese arriving in India discovered that their products, apart from bullion, were too primitive for profitable exchange for Asian goods
Muslim traders dominated Indian Ocean and Islam blocked the spread of Catholic Christianity
Political divisions divided Asians who did not understand the threat posed by the new intruders
Since they did not have sufficient acceptable commodities for profitable trade to Asia, the Portuguese used force to enter the network
Portuguese aimed to establish a monopoly over the spice trade and to license all vessels trading between Malacca and Ormuz

15. Portuguese won supremacy on the African and Indian coasts
They built forts at Goa – western India and Malacca on the Malayan peninsula in 1511
Objective to control the spice trade

16. Rise of the Dutch and English
Dutch control the spice Island – captured Malacca, better ships
English control India after the 7 years war
Europeans were able to control Asian seas but not inland territories. The Europeans were forced to accept the power of Asian rulers in return for permission to trade

17. European established tribute regimes resembling the Spanish system in the New World
Indigenous people lived under their own leaders and paid tribute in products produce by coerced labor under the direction of local elites - tribute system

18. Asian sea trading network – Divided, from West to East, into three zones prior to the European arrival, an Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; an Indian zone, with cotton textiles; and a Chinese zone, with paper, porcelain, and silks

19. English and Dutch were not interest in winning converts to their religion.
Portugal and Spain were, but success in Asia was minimal except in northern Philippines

20. Goa – Indian city developed by the Portuguese and a major Indian Ocean base; developed an important Indo-European population
Malacca – City on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; a center for trade to the southeastern Asian islands; became a major Portuguese trading Base

21. Japan and the Great Unifiers
After collapse of Shogunate power in early 15th century, chaos as daimyo fought for power
Mid - 16th century – three men fought for power
Oda Nobunga
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Tokugawa Ieyasu - took title Shogun

22. Japanese History under Tokugawa
Edo – capital city, modern-day Tokyo; center of Tokugawa Shogunate
Deshima – Island port in Nagasaki Bay; the only port open to foreigners, the Dutch, after the 1640s

23. Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582) Banishes the last Ashikaga shogun.
First daimyo to make extensive use of firearms
Died 1582 – assassinated by one of his own followers
Banishes the last Ashikaga shogun.
Unifies a large part of Japan.

24. Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598)
General under Nobunaga; succeeded as power in central Japan
Becomes suspicious of European territorial ambitions.
Orders all European missionaries expelled from Japan. 
Tries to invade Korea, but fails.

25. Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) Appointed shogun by the Emperor.
Four-class system laid down with marriage restricted to members of the same class! 
Warriors.
Farmers.
Artisans.
Merchants.
Granted title of shogun
Consolidation of power instead of seeking overseas expansion

26. Tokugawa Shogunate Period
Japan closed off to all trade [except to the Dutch and Chinese]. 
The Dutch were restricted to a small island in Nagasaki harbor.
Japanese Christians persecuted and Christianity is forbidden.
The government is centralized with all power in the hands of the shogun.
Domestic trade flourishes.
Towns, esp. castle towns, increase.
Merchant class becomes rich! 
New art forms  haiku poetry, kabuki theater.

27. Social Changes/Culture
Trade and industry flourished (stability)
Banking and paper money also helped
Social classes – emperor – shogun – daimyo – samurai – peasants – artisan – merchants than eta – social outcasts
Culture thrived – fiction novel, poetry, Kabuki theater, action, music and dramatic gestures abut life in teahouses
Art and architecture prospered

28. Catholic Jesuits in Japan
New converts were not tolerant of other religious traditions and destroyed some Buddhist shrines
Toyotomi expelled all Jesuit missionaries and persecuted Japanese Christians
Finally all European merchants were expelled from Japan with one exception of the Dutch that remained in Nagasaki
St. Francis Xavier [First Catholic Missionaries in Asia]

29. First Christian Martyrs (1597): Shrine in Nagasaki Today

30. The Least You Need To Know
After the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty, the Ming dynasty emerged to take political control of china for the late 14th century until 1644
The voyages of Zheng He during the early 15th c. were an unsuccessful attempt by China to look beyond its borders
The Manchu from Manchuria seized control fo the failing Ming dynasty to create the Qing dynasty, which ruled China until 1911
Oda Nobunage, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Leyasu worked to unit a politically chaotic and divided Japan under the Tokugawa Shogunate