1. 1 Bali Process Legislative Workshop Trans National Organised Crime Legislation New Zealand Case Study 10 -11 November 2003 Port Dickson, Malaysia Arron Baker New Zealand Immigration Service

2. 2 The New Zealand Experience Implementing Trans National Organised Crime Legislation An Immigration Perspective Legislation – part of a wider strategy Integrated international engagement Border Strategy Technology - APS Mass Arrival Planning Legislation to implement TNOC convention New NZIS Fraud Unit New Intelligence Unit Prosecutions and Convictions The Judiciary

3. 3 Summary of Legislation Changes

4. 4 NZ Legislative Changes TNOC Bill passed in 2002 Changes were made to the Immigration Act in June 2002 in the following areas:  Employment  Offences / Penalties  Arrival and detention  Entry, search and surrender of documents  Release on conditions  Disclosure of information overseas

5. 5 Trafficking Crimes Act prohibits the trafficking in persons. The legal definition of trafficking in persons is: The arranging of entry of a person into New Zealand or any other state by one or more acts of coercion against the person, or one or more acts of deception of the person, or both, or; the arranging, organising or procuring the reception, concealment, or harbouring in New Zealand or any other state of a person, knowing that the persons entry into New Zealand or that state was arranged by one or more acts of coercion against the person, or one or more acts of deception of the person or both.

6. 6 Trafficking ‘Act of coercion against the person’ includes: –abducting the person; –using force in respect of the person; –harming the person; –threatening the person expressly by implication with the use of force in respect of, or the harming of, the person or some other person. ‘Act of deception’ includes fraudulent action. ‘Harming a person’ means causing harm of any kind to the person and in particular includes: –causing physical, psychological or financial harm to the person; –sexually mistreating the person; –causing harm to the persons reputation, status or prospects.

7. 7 Confiscation General legislative provision for such action in the form of the Proceeds of Crime Act 1991. That Act provides that where a person is convicted on indictment of a ‘serious offence’ a court may order: –the forfeiture of property that is ‘tainted property’ in respect of the offence; –that a pecuniary penalty be paid by the person convicted in respect of the benefits derived by them from the commission of the offence.

8. 8 Mutual Legal Assistance New Zealand has specific legislation for mutual legal assistance in the form of the Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Act 1992. Under the Act New Zealand may request assistance of any foreign country. Such assistance may include assistance in: –locating or identifying persons; –obtaining evidence; –arranging the attendance of persons in New Zealand; –serving documents; –obtaining articles or things; –arranging enforcement of various orders made under the Proceeds of Crime Act;

9. 9 Co-operation The Immigration Act 1987 was amended in 2002 to contain specific provision for the sharing of a immigration type information with any overseas agency, body or person whose function include: –the prevention, detection, investigation, prosecution or punishment of immigration or other offences; –the processing of international passengers; or –border security.

10. 10 Employer Provisions $50,000 fine for knowingly employing a person not entitled to work $10,000 fine for employing without ‘reasonable excuse Not knowing is not a reasonable excuse

11. 11 Exploitation of Employees Up to $100,000 fine and/or 7 years imprisonment Enhanced ability to deport employers committing offences Creates an offence for the exploitation of persons not legally entitled to work

12. 12 Examples include: –Retaining possession of documents –Preventing or hindering access to leave premises –Preventing or hindering use of telephone –Preventing access by a Labour inspector Exploitation of Employees

13. 13 Offences/Penalties Can apply to criminal activity outside NZ (enforceable in NZ) Creates new offence for knowingly assisting any person remaining in NZ illegally for material benefit New offence for any person altering an immigration form after it has been signed Makes some offences summary/indictable with no time limits Up to $100,000 fine and/or 7 years imprisonment

14. 14 Powers of Entry & Search Coverage of Act expanded to NZ’s contiguous zone Strengthened provisions to require information from persons suspected of being in NZ unlawfully (surrender of documents). Police can arrest and detain if refusal to supply that information

15. 15 Information Exchange Enabling provisions introduced to provide for sharing of intelligence and information Information may be disclosed to an overseas or international agency whose functions include law enforcement, international passenger processing, or border security Objective of law change is to help prevent, identify or respond to violations of New Zealand or overseas laws

16. 16 International Context

17. 17 Global Environment Intelligence Capability Refugee Interventions Policy Awareness People Flows Border Control And Facilitation International Engagement Themes Pacific Security Common Immigration Standards

18. 18 International Engagement BORDER CONTROL AND FACILITATION COMMON STANDARDSPACIFIC SECURITYINTELLIGENCE Model Immigration Legislation (BALI, APEC, PIDC). Professional Service & Integrity Standards (APEC, PIDC). Airport Liaison Officers (APEC). Regional Network of Repatriation Agreements (BALI). APP Standards (APEC, 5 Nations, PIDC). Data Exchange for Lost and Stolen Passports and Alerts (APEC, BALI, ICAO, Interpol, PIDC, FRSC). Travel Document Security (APEC, ICAO). Pacific Security Funding and Risk Framework (PSSF). Regional Law Enforcement Training Initiative (PIDC, FRSC). Co-Funding PIDC Secretariat Position and PIDC Travel (PIDC). IOM Roles in the Region (PIDC, BALI). Border Control Training Workshops (PIDC) Documentation examination training. Trans Organised Crime Model Legislation & Implementation (BALI). Raising Awareness about People Smuggling (BALI). Interpol Liaison (NZIS Intelligence Unit). Intelligence Data Exchange on Illegal Migration & People Smuggling (PACRIM, PIDC).

19. 19 Operational Initiatives Bi-laterals for repatriation Mass Arrivals Planning completed. Participation in 17 international fora Training Pacific Immigration staff. More investigators More fraud prosecutions Refugee cancellation Team Targeting failed refugee claimants for removal Establish Intelligence Group Consolidate Intel systems Harmonising identity systems with NZ Internal Affairs Data matching Offshore interdiction programme Detention of high risk asylum seekers Advance Passenger Screening for all flights PREVENTION COLLABORATION SYSTEMS COMPLIANCE

20. 20 Border Strategy Arrival Entry Control Biometric identification Targeted interception Inter-connected e-Border Systems Airlines Airport Companies Border Agencies Passport Biometric capture Contact-less chip Trusted Traveller Registration Visa Advance information processing Risk profiling Pre-processing of auto-referrals Baggage Handling Hold/stow baggage screening Advance bio security screening Travel Booking Check-in Self-service kiosks Advance Passenger Screening Passenger information capture Inter-government information & intelligence sharing Boarding Biometric identification Departure Control Biometric identification Targeted interception

21. 21 From concept to reality… TNOC / 9.11 / Increased smuggling, trafficking, spurious refugee claims (85%) Government decision to implement APS (January 2002) Funding agreed (May 2002) Solution model defined (July 2002) Contract negotiated (February 2003) Pilot commenced with Air New Zealand (July 2003) Official launch August 2003 Roll-out with other Airlines (from September 2003) Advance Passenger Screening

22. 22 NZ Advanced Passenger Processing System Airport check-in agent New Zealand passports, visas, alerts, Person location NZ Customs API validation requests, biodata requests boarding directives Not yet implemented Australian government approval is underway Australian APP Application Processor Australian passports & visas expected movements visas, alerts, person locations boarding requests Real time messages NZIS APP Application Processor Airline Check In Counter

23. 23 Roll-out schedule Air New Zealand Trans TasmanComplete Sept 2003 Freedom Air (except Coolangatta)Complete Sept 2003 Malaysian AirlinesComplete Oct 03 Royal TonganComplete Oct 03 EmiratesComplete Oct 03 Thai Airways Now Nov 03 Remaining Air NZ inbound flights (Japan, Singapore, Noumea) & outbound flightsDec 03 Cathay Pacific & Singapore AirlinesEarly 2004 Other AirlinesEarly 2004 Transits & CrewEarly 2004 Advance Passenger Screening

24. 24 Proposed between NZ and Australia Verification requests – passports and visas Document alerts (lost & stolen passports) People alerts (shared intelligence) Future opportunities Global lost & stolen passports (APEC / ICAO / BALI initiatives) Bi-lateral / Multi-lateral intelligence agreements Verification against passport databases Information Sharing TNOC Enabled

25. 25 Planning For Mass Arrivals

26. 26

27. 27 Experience & Application

28. 28 NZIS Fraud Unit New specialist team of investigators and lawyers Investigation of Immigration related offences Prosecution of offenders Gathering intelligence for the Intelligence Unit Liaising with other law enforcement agencies

29. 29 39 prosecutions taken between May 2002 to May 20003 43 prosecutions active as at May 2003 Prosecutions Taken

30. 30 Intelligence Unit  NZIS developing an enhanced intelligence capacity in 2003/2004  Aim - to provide an effective intelligence operating framework incorporating the direction, collection, analysis, dissemination and evaluation of information.  To make useful immigration intelligence accessible throughout the NZIS and to share with other agencies and internationally as appropriate.

31. 31 Prosecution Issues Interpreters – Availability (dialects) and security clearance Significant backlog of cases – compromises Witness intimidation – One prosecution and evidence it is widespread Witness departure from New Zealand Distinguishing between victims and participants Jurisdictional issues – extraterritoriality where part of an offence committed overseas Multi agency investigations – developing new sequence of procedures

32. 32 Sirwar Rahimi - Kerr D.C.J. “In aggravation of the offence you lied to circumvent New Zealand’s humanitarian refugee policy with regard to staying in New Zealand because you did not otherwise qualify. Your conduct breached the security and integrity of New Zealand’s border control on migrants.” Sentence : 9 months imprisonment Judicial Comments

33. 33 Judicial Comments Lida Rahimi - Lockhart D.C.J. “You told lies and made up stories so you could obtain Refugee Status. Any country has to be aware of people such as yourself. All you have done is make entry into the country far more difficult for people who, unlike you, may be genuine refugees.” Sentence : 9 months imprisonment

34. 34 Mohammed Wasin - Mackintosh D.C.J. “I consider immigration status in this country to be a precious commodity. The integrity of the system depends on the truthfulness of applicants. To attempt to manipulate the system in the way that you have, is a very serious matter.” Sentence : 8 months imprisonment Judicial Comments

35. 35 Refugee Claims