1. Chapter 10 America Claims an Empire IMPERIALISM

2. Imperialism in America
Main Idea
Beginning in 1867 and continuing through the century, global competition caused the United States to expand.
Why It Matters Now
During this time period, the U.S. acquired Hawaii and Alaska, both of which became states in 1959.

3. should establish colonies overseas.
By 1880's many American
Leaders thought the U.S.
should establish colonies overseas.
QUESTION: How would we expand our empire??? What would we need to do in order to grow?

4. What is Imperialism??
This idea was called imperialism —the policy in which stronger nations extend economic, political or military control over weaker territories.
Europe was already doing this….where was U.S. in this game??

5. Three Factors that Fueled Imperialism??
Three factors fueled American imperialism:
The desire for military strength
• Admiral Alfred T. Mahan urges U.S. to build up navy to compete
U.S. builds modern battleships, becomes third largest naval power

6. Three Factors that Fueled Imperialism??
Three factors fueled American imperialism:
New economic markets (trade)
U.S. farms, factories produce more than Americans can consume
U.S. needs raw materials, new markets for goods
Foreign trade: solution to overproduction, unemployment, depression

7. Three Factors that Fueled Imperialism??
Three factors fueled American imperialism:
Belief that American culture was superior to others.(ethnocentrism)
Some combine Social Darwinism, belief in superiority of Anglo-Saxons
Argue U.S. has duty to Christianize, civilize “inferior peoples”

8. “Well, I hardly know which to take first!”

9. What did William Seward, Sec of State Acquire from the Russians?
William Seward was Secretary of State for presidents Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.
In 1867 he purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million.
Some opponents in Congress made fun of the deal calling it “Seward’s Icebox” or “Seward’s Folly.”

10. Why did the U.S. have an interest in Hawaii?
The Hawaiian Islands = IMPORTANT to U.S. financially (due to sugar plantations).
¾ of Hawaii’s wealth due to American-owned sugar plantations

11. How will the U.S. get its
hands on the islands of
Hawaii???

12. It’s all about the taxes…..
In 1875, the U.S. agreed to import Hawaiian sugar duty-free (tax-free).
McKinley Tariff (1890) passed requiring American plantation owners to PAY TAXES….Reaction????
Called for the U.S. to annex Hawaii. (didn’t want to pay taxes)

13. The End of a Monarchy
Queen Liliuokalani (1891) wanted to give more power back to the Hawaiians NOT the American business owners.
American business owners organized revolt against queen and took control of island.

14. The End of a Monarchy Sandford Dole becomes head of Government.
President Cleveland directed Dole to restore the queen in 1893
Dole refuses.
McKinley and Congress annex Hawaii in 1898

15. Alaska...what will they do with
The U.S. has taken over
Hawaii AND purchased
Alaska...what will they do with
the Carribbean?

16. Why did the U.S. eventually get involved with events surrounding Cuba?
Cubans fought for their independence from Spain.
Sugar was important investment for the U.S.
Treatment of cuban prisoners
De Lome Letter criticizing the U.S. President
Battleship U.S.S. Maine was attacked (killed 260 Americans died) = blamed Spain for explosion…go to war???
De Lome

17. What is yellow journalism?
Exaggerated news to make events more exciting
Example: Treatment of Cubans by the Spanish to upset Americans.
Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!

18. What is significance of U.S.S. Maine?
U.S. battleship was stationed in Cuba to protect American citizens.
February 15, 1898 the ship exploded.
260 Americans killed (officers/crew)
Blamed Spain for attack.

19. April 20, 1898 the U.S.
went to war with Spain.
Get ready for WAR.....

20. What did Commodore George Dewey accomplish in the war in the Philippines?
May 1, 1898 American naval commander George Dewey sailed into the Philippines to destroy Spanish fleet.
2 months later, Spanish surrendered to the U.S. (VICTORY)

21. Who were the Rough Riders and what did they accomplish?
American troops landed on the island of Cuba in June 1898.
One unit of volunteer soldiers, led by T. Roosevelt helped win the important battle of San Juan Hill.
RESULT= T.Roosevelt becomes hero, will help him win presidency later.

22. what happens after a war.....
Spain surrenders to
U.S. on July 25,
what happens after a war.....
the signing of a ....

23. What did the Treaty of Paris of 1898 determine?
Spain quickly signed a peace treaty.
Treaty of Paris did the following:
Granted Cuba its independence
U.S. was given Puerto Rico & Guam
Purchased Philippines for $20 million
Created problems
Imperialists vs. non-imperialists = violated Spirit of Dec of Independence for U.S. to colonize

24. Puerto Rico Military Rule
During Spanish-American War, General Nelson A. Miles occupies island
Puerto Rico under military control
People split on independence, statehood, self-government under U.S.

25. Ruling Puerto Rico Return to Civil Government
PR strategic as post in Caribbean, for protection of future canal
1900, Foraker Act sets up civil government
- president appoints governor, upper house
1917, Puerto Ricans made U.S. citizens; elect both houses

26. Cuba U.S. didn't grant Cuba independence immediately
- Cuba had to agree to the Platt Amendment
- It gave the U.S. the right interfere in Cuban affairs when there was a threat to life, property, and individual liberty
- Cuba had to allow an American naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

27. Philippines
President McKinley decided that the Philippines should become an American Colony
- Philippines wanted independence
- Revolted against the U.S.
U.S. troops finally restored order
July 4, 1946, Philippines became independent

28. Power in the Pacific U.S. always had interest in Pacific
U.S. navy landed in Tokyo Bay
- Led by Commodore Matthew Perry
He carried a letter from President Millard Fillmore
U.S. wanted Japan to open ports to American trade
- Carried gifts
- Made it clear that Japan should not refuse president's request

29. Interest in China
U.S. joined other countries in competing for control of China
- Saw China as vast potential market for investment & opportunity
France, Britain, Japan, Russia had settlements, & spheres of influence
U.S. came up with trade policy
U.S. Secretary of State John Hay issued Open Door notes

30. Interest in China
Open Door Policy - no single country had a monopoly on trade with China
- Notes ask imperialist nations to share trading rights with U.S.
- Other powers reluctantly agree

31. The Boxer Rebellion in China
Europeans dominate most large Chinese cities
Chinese formed secret societies, including Boxers, to expel foreigners
Boxers killed hundreds of foreigners & Chinese converts to Christianity
U.S., Britain, France, Germany, Japan put down Boxer Rebellion

32. Protecting American Rights
Hay issued new Open Door notes saying U. S. would keep trade open
Open Door policy reflected beliefs about U.S. economy:
- Growth depended on exports
- U.S. had right to keep markets open
- Closing of area threatens U.S. survival

33. The Anti-Imperialist League
Several; well known Americans opposed overseas expansion
- Andrew Carnegie
- Mark Twain
They believed that the U.S. should not deny other the right to govern themselves
Their argument lost as everyone celebrated the war victory
McKinley’s reelection confirmed most Americans favored imperialism

34. Section 4 America as a World Power
The Russo-Japanese War, the Panama Canal, and the Mexican Revolution add to America’s military and economic power.

35. Teddy Roosevelt and the World
Roosevelt didn’t not want Europeans to control world economy & politics
Japan & Russia disputed control of Korea (Japanese-Russo War)
Roosevelt negotiated Treaty of Portsmouth:
- Japan received Manchuria & Korea
- Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize
U.S. & Japan continued diplomatic talks
- Pledged to respect each other’s possessions

36. The Panama Canal
U.S. wanted canal to cut travel time of commercial & military ships
Colombia controlled the isthmus of Panama (Best Spot)
U.S. bought French company’s route through Panama
Negotiated with Colombia to build Panama Canal
- Talks broke down

37. The Panama Canal
French company agent helped organize Panamanian rebellion
- U.S. gave military aid
Panama gained independence
U.S., Panama sign treaty
U.S. paid $10 million for Canal zone

38. Constructing the Canal
Construction of canal is one of world’s greatest engineering feats
- fought diseases & geographic obstacles
- at height, 43,400 workers employed
5000 workers died
Finished in 1914
Canal cost $352 million dollars

39. Policing the Hemisphere
Roosevelt wanted it made clear that the U.S was the leading power in the Americas
- Speak softly and carry a big stick"
Roosevelt reminded Europe about the Monroe Doctrine
- It said that the U.S would police the western hemisphere
Added the Roosevelt Corollary - added to the Monroe Doctrine
- Said that if a situation arose that required international police power the U.S. would do the job

40. Policing the Hemisphere
Later presidents expanded Roosevelt's" Big Stick Diplomacy"
- Encouraged U.S. companies to invest in Latin America
- Promised military support

41. Policing the Hemisphere
Dollar diplomacy—U.S. guarantees foreign loans by U.S. business
Latin Americans saw U.S. as bullies
- Created distrust between U.S. and it Latin American neighbors

42. U.S. involvement in Latin America
Business leaders realized they could by products cheaply in Latin America and sell them in the U.S. (coffee, bananas, and copper)
Bought large tracts of land
- Many people lost their land and were forced to take low paying jobs

43. Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy
Missionary diplomacy - U.S. had moral responsibility:
- would not recognize regimes that are oppressive, undemocratic
A lot of U.S. investment in Mexico under dictator Porfirio Díaz,
1911, peasants & workers led by Francisco Madero overthrew Díaz (Mexican Revolution)
General Victoriano Huerta took over government & Madero was murdered
Wilson refused to recognize Huerta’s government

44. Intervention in Mexico
Huerta’s officers arrested U.S. sailors & quickly release them
Wilson ordered Marines to occupy Veracruz
Argentina, Brazil, & Chile mediated to avoid war
Huerta regime falls & nationalist Venustiano Carranza became new president

45. Rebellion in Mexico
Francisco “Pancho” & Villa, Emiliano Zapata opposed Carranza
- Zapata wanted land reform
- Villa was a fierce nationalist
Wilson recognizes Carranza’s government
Villa threatened reprisals
- Villa’s men killed Americans

46. Chasing Villa Brig. Gen. John J. Pershing led forces to capture Villa
Carranza demanded withdrawal of U.S. troops
- Wilson refuses at first
U.S. faced war in Europe & wants peace on southern border (WWI)
- Wilson ordered Pershing home
Mexico adopted new constitution:
- Government controls oil, minerals
- restricted foreign investors